Solar Cells

ISBN-13: 9789819973323 / Angielski / Twarda / 2023

Sandeep Arya;Prerna Mahajan

Opis

This book highlights developments in the field of solar cells. The chapters in this book address a wide range of topics including the spectrum of light received by solar cell devices, the basic functioning of a solar cell, and the evolution of solar cell technology during the last 50 years. It places particular emphasis on silicon solar cells, CIGS-based solar cells, organic solar cells, perovskite solar cells and hybrid solar cells. The book describes in detail the fabrication processes employed for different categories of solar cells. It also provides the characterization techniques utilized in this sector to evaluate the performance of solar cells and the scope of this domain in the future. Overall, it presents the essential theoretical and practical concepts of solar cells in an easy-to-understand manner.

Spis treści

CHAPTER 1: Introduction

1.1

History of solar cells

1.2

Solar energy spectrum

1.3

Evolution of solar cell technology

 

1.3.1

First-generation solar cells

 

1.3.2

Second-generation solar cells

 

1.3.3

Third-generation solar cells

 

1.3.4

Fourth-generation solar cells

1.4

Global solar market

1.5

Cost of solar energy

1.6

Conclusions

CHAPTER 2: Silicon based Solar Cells

2.1      

Introduction

2.2

Silicon Substrates

 

2.2.1

Refining

 

2.2.2

Crystal Growth

 

2.2.3  

Cutting and Polishing

2.3

Cell Processing Technologies

 

2.3.1

Texturing

 

2.3.2  

Junction Formation

 

 

2.3.2.1

Diffusion

 

 

2.3.2.2

Ion Implantation

 

2.3.3

Edge Isolation

 

2.3.4

Antireflection Coating

 

2.3.5

Metallization

 

2.3.6

Testing and Sorting

2.4

Amorphous Silicon and Thin-film Technology

2.5

Conclusions

CHAPTER 3: CIGS based Solar Cells

3.1

Introduction

3.2

Comparison between CIGS solar cells and c-Si solar cells

3.3

Optical bandgap

 

3.3.1

Problems associated with high bandgap CIGS layer

 

3.3.2

Graded bandgap CIGS layer

3.4

Effects of Na diffusion on the device performance

3.5

Deposition of CIGS absorber layer

 

3.5.1

Co-evaporation

 

3.5.2

Sequential deposition (selenization/sulfurization)

 

3.5.3     

Non-vacuum deposition techniques

3.6

Buffer layer and transparent conducting oxide

3.7

CIGS solar cells on flexible substrates

3.8

Factors influencing the efficiency of CIGS solar cells

3.9

Conclusions

CHAPTER 4: Organic Solar Cells

4.1

Introduction

4.2

Materials utilized

4.3

Preparation techniques

 

4.3.1

Evaporation

 

4.3.2

Wet processing

4.4

Basic working principles

4.5

Device architectures

 

4.5.1

Single layer

 

4.5.2

Bilayer heterojunction

 

4.5.3    

Bulk heterojunction

 

4.5.4   

Diffuse bilayer heterojunction

4.6

Important parameters

4.7

Concepts for improvement

 

4.7.1

Device engineering and improved charge transport

 

4.7.2

Increasing the absorption range

4.8

Conclusions

CHAPTER 5: Perovskite Solar Cells

5.1

Introduction

5.2

History of perovskite solar cells

5.3

Structural properties of perovskite materials

5.4

Progress in device architecture

 

5.4.1

Dye-sensitized structure

 

5.4.2

Solid state mesoscopic structure

 

5.4.3    

Meso-superstructure structure

 

5.4.4   

Regular structure

 

5.4.5

Planar n-i-p heterojunction structure

 

5.4.6

Inverted planar structure

5.5

Fabrication techniques

 

5.5.1

Perovskite film fabrication techniques

 

5.5.1.1

Single-step deposition

 

5.5.1.2

Two-step sequential deposition

 

5.5.1.3

Rapid deposition crystallization

 

5.5.1.4

Lewis base adduct method of lead (II) iodide

 

5.5.1.5

Vapour assisted solution processing

 

5.5.1.6

Thermal evaporation

 

5.5.1.7

Pulse laser deposition (PLD)

 

5.5.1.8

Electrospray-assisted deposition

 

5.5.2

Large scale manufacturing techniques

 

5.5.2.1

Inkjet printing

 

5.5.2.2

Drop casting

 

5.5.2.3

Doctor blade coating

 

5.5.2.4

Slot die coating

 

5.5.2.5

Spray coating

5.6

Stability concerns

 

5.6.1

Moisture and oxygen effect

 

5.6.2

Temperature effect

 

5.6.3

Light exposure effect

 

5.6.4

Other factors

 

5.6.5

Toxicity

5.6

Conclusions

CHAPTER 6: Organic-Inorganic hybrid Solar Cells

6.1 

Introduction

6.2

Device structure and general operating principles

6.2.1

Structure of photoactive layer

6.2.2

Device operation

6.2.3

Performance Characteristics

6.3

Materials

6.3.1

Ideal design properties

6.3.1.1

Donor material

6.3.1.2

Acceptor material

6.3.2

Materials currently used

6.3.3

Four major material groups

6.3.3.1

Cadmium compounds

6.3.3.2

Silicon

6.3.3.3

Metal oxide nanoparticles

6.3.3.4

Low band gap nanoparticles

6.3.4

Limitations to performance

6.3.4.1

Nanoparticle surface chemistry

6.3.4.2

Nanomorpholgy

6.4

Conclusions

CHAPTER 7: Extraction of solar cell modelling parameters

7.1

Introduction

7.2

Equivalent circuit models

7.2.1

Single Diode Model

7.2.2

Double Diode Model

7.3

Problem formulation

7.4

Parameter extraction methods

7.4.1

Analytical Parameter Extraction Methods

7.4.2

Iterative Parameter Extraction Methods

7.4.3

Evolutionary Parameter Extraction Methods

7.5

Conclusions

CHAPTER 8: Characterization techniques

8.1

Introduction

8.2

External Quantum Efficiency

8.2.1

Apparatus

8.2.2

Calibration

8.2.3

Using Reflectance Data to Determine Internal Quantum Efficiency

8.2.4

Alternative Optical Configurations, Components, and Features

8.2.5

QE Measurement Data

8.2.6

Determining Solar Cell Current for a Particular Light Source

8.3

Energy Conversion Efficiency

8.3.1

I‐V Curve Introduction

8.3.2

Illumination for I‐V Curves

8.3.3

I‐V Curve Measurement Apparatus

8.3.3.1

Light Sources

8.3.3.2

Temperature Control

8.3.3.3

Electrical Measurement

8.3.4

Calibration

8.3.5

Comparing Jsc from QE and I‐V Measurements

8.3.6

I‐V Curves for Series and Shunt Resistance Measurements

8.4

Spectral Mismatch

8.5

Conclusions

CHAPTER 9: Future in solar cell technology

9.1

Introduction

9.2

Material Benefits

9.3

Efficiency Drive

9.4

Band Together

9.5

Tricks of the Light

9.6

Conclusions

O autorze

Dr. Sandeep Arya did his Ph.D. from the University of Jammu, India. He is currently working as a Senior Assistant Professor in the Department of Physics, University of Jammu. His research interests include fabrication and characterization of nanostructured materials for energy harvesting, energy storage and sensing applications. He has published more than 120 refereed scientific articles and book chapters in several journals of repute. He is the recipient of several fellowships and research projects. He is also the editors of several reputed international journals.

Dr. Prerna received her B.Sc. degree from the University of Jammu (India) in 2015 and her M.Sc. from Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University (India) in 2017. She did her Ph.D. from the University of Jammu. Her research interests include synthesis and characterization of nanomaterials for energy harvesting and energy storage applications. She has authored several research papers and book chapters that are published in reputed journals.