Soil Formation

ISBN-13: 9789401741408 / Angielski / Miękka / 2013 / 377 str.

Nico Van Breemen; Peter Buurman

Opis

Soils form a unique and irreplaceable essential resource for all terrestrial organisms, including man. Soils form not only the very thin outer skin of the earth's crust that is exploited by plant roots for anchorage and supply of water and nutrients. Soils are complex natural bodies formed under the influence of plants, microorganisms and soil animals, water and air from their parent material, i.e. solid rock or unconsolidated sediments. Physically, chemically and mineralogically they usually differ strongly from the parent material, and normally are far more suitable as a rooting medium for plants. In addition to serving as a substrate for plant growth, including crops and pasture, soils play a dominant role in the biogeochemical cycling of water, carbon, nitrogen and other elements, influencing the chemical composition and turnover rates of substances in the atmosphere and the hydrosphere. Soils take decades to millennia to form. We tread on them and do not usually see their interior, so we tend to take them for granted. But improper and abusive agricultural management, careless land- clearing and reclamation, man-induced erosion, salinisation and acidification, desertification, air- and water pollution, and withdrawal of land for housing, industry and transportation now destroy soils more rapidly than they can be formed.

Spis treści

Preface. 1. Why Soil Genesis? 2. Soil Physical Processes. 3. Soil Chemical Processes. 4. Biological Processes in Soils. 5. Studying Soil Profiles. 6. Organic Surface Horizons. 7. The Formation of Hydromorphic Soils. 8. Textural Differentiation. 9. Formation of Calcic, Gypsiferous, and Saline Soils. 10. Formation of Vertisols. 11. Podzolization. 12. Formation of Andisols. 13. Ferralitization. 14. Dense and Cemented Horizons: Fragipan and Duripan. 15. Analysing Complex Situations. Appendix 1. FAO Horizon Codes. Appendix 2. Formulas and Atomic Weights. Appendix 3. Typical Analyses Used in the Study of Predogenesis. Index.