Smart City Infrastructure: The Blockchain Perspective

ISBN-13: 9781119785385 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 384 str.

Vishal Kumar; Vishal Jain; Bharti Sharma

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Preface xviiAcknowledgment xxi1 Deep Dive Into Blockchain Technology: Characteristics, Security and Privacy Issues, Challenges, and Future Research Directions 1Bhanu Chander1.1 Introduction 21.2 Blockchain Preliminaries 31.2.1 Functioning of Blockchain 31.2.2 Design of Blockchain 41.2.3 Blockchain Elements 51.3 Key Technologies of Blockchain 71.3.1 Distributed Ledger 71.3.2 Cryptography 81.3.3 Consensus 81.3.4 Smart Contracts 91.3.5 Benchmarks 91.4 Consensus Algorithms of Blockchain 91.4.1 Proof of Work (PoW) 101.4.2 Proof of Stake (PoS) 101.4.3 BFT-Based Consensus Algorithms 111.4.4 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) 121.4.5 Sleepy Consensus 121.4.6 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) 121.4.7 Proof of Authority (PoA) 131.4.8 Proof of Reputation (PoR) 131.4.9 Deputized Proof of Stake (DPoS) 131.4.10 SCP Design 131.5 Internet of Things and Blockchain 141.5.1 Internet of Things 141.5.2 IoT Blockchain 161.5.3 Up-to-Date Tendency in IoT Blockchain Progress 161.6 Applications of Blockchain in Smart City 181.6.1 Digital Identity 181.6.2 Security of Private Information 191.6.3 Data Storing, Energy Ingesting, Hybrid Development 191.6.4 Citizens Plus Government Frame 201.6.5 Vehicle-Oriented Blockchain Appliances in Smart Cities 201.6.6 Financial Applications 211.7 Security and Privacy Properties of Blockchain 211.7.1 Security and Privacy Necessities of Online Business Transaction 211.7.2 Secrecy of Connections and Data Privacy 231.8 Privacy and Security Practices Employed in Blockchain 241.8.1 Mixing 241.8.2 Anonymous Signatures 251.8.3 Homomorphic Encryption (HE) 251.8.4 Attribute-Based Encryption (ABE) 261.8.5 Secure Multi-Party Computation (MPC) 261.8.6 Non-Interactive Zero-Knowledge (NIZK) 261.8.7 The Trusted Execution Environment (TEE) 271.8.8 Game-Based Smart Contracts (GBSC) 271.9 Challenges of Blockchain 271.9.1 Scalability 271.9.2 Privacy Outflow 281.9.3 Selfish Mining 281.9.4 Security 281.10 Conclusion 29References 292 Toward Smart Cities Based on the Internet of Things 33Djamel Saba, Youcef Sahli and Abdelkader Hadidi2.1 Introduction 342.2 Smart City Emergence 362.2.1 A Term Popularized by Private Foundations 362.2.2 Continuation of Ancient Reflections on the City of the Future 372.3 Smart and Sustainable City 382.4 Smart City Areas (Sub-Areas) 402.4.1 Technology and Data 402.4.2 Economy 402.4.3 Population 432.5 IoT 432.5.1 A New Dimension for the Internet and Objects 462.5.2 Issues Raised by the IoT 482.5.2.1 IoT Scale 482.5.2.2 IoT Heterogeneity 482.5.2.3 Physical World Influence on the IoT 512.5.2.4 Security and Privacy 522.5.3 Applications of the IoT That Revolutionize Society 522.5.3.1 IoT in the Field of Health 532.5.3.2 Digital Revolution in Response to Energy Imperatives 532.5.3.3 Home Automation (Connected Home) 542.5.3.4 Connected Industry 542.5.3.5 IoT in Agriculture 552.5.3.6 Smart Retail or Trendy Supermarkets 562.5.3.7 Smart and Connected Cities 572.5.3.8 IoT at the Service of Road Safety 572.5.3.9 Security Systems 592.5.3.10 Waste Management 602.6 Examples of Smart Cities 602.6.1 Barcelona, a Model Smart City 602.6.2 Vienna, the Smartest City in the World 612.7 Smart City Benefits 612.7.1 Security 612.7.2 Optimized Management of Drinking and Wastewater 622.7.3 Better Visibility of Traffic/Infrastructure Issues 642.7.4 Transport 642.8 Analysis and Discussion 652.9 Conclusion and Perspectives 67References 683 Integration of Blockchain and Artificial Intelligence in Smart City Perspectives 77R. Krishnamoorthy, K. Kamala, I. D. Soubache, Mamidala Vijay Karthik and M. Amina Begum3.1 Introduction 783.2 Concept of Smart Cities, Blockchain Technology, and Artificial Intelligence 823.2.1 Concept and Definition of Smart Cities 823.2.1.1 Integration of Smart Cities with New Technologies 833.2.1.2 Development of Smart Cities by Integrated Technologies 853.2.2 Concept of Blockchain Technology 863.2.2.1 Features of Blockchain Technology 873.2.2.2 Framework and Working of Blockchain Technology 883.2.3 Concept and Definition of Artificial Intelligence 893.2.3.1 Classification of Artificial Intelligence- Machine Learning 903.3 Smart Cities Integrated with Blockchain Technology 913.3.1 Applications of Blockchain Technology in Smart City Development 933.3.1.1 Secured Data Transmission 933.3.1.2 Digital Transaction--Smart Contracts 943.3.1.3 Smart Energy Management 943.3.1.4 Modeling of Smart Assets 953.3.1.5 Smart Health System 963.3.1.6 Smart Citizen 963.3.1.7 Improved Safety 963.4 Smart Cities Integrated with Artificial Intelligence 973.4.1 Importance of AI for Developing Smart Cities 983.4.2 Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Smart City Development 993.4.2.1 Smart Transportation System 1003.4.2.2 Smart Surveillance and Monitoring System 1023.4.2.3 Smart Energy Management System 1033.4.2.4 Smart Disposal and Waste Management System 1063.5 Conclusion and Future Work 107References 1084 Smart City a Change to a New Future World 113Sonia Singla and Aman Choudhary4.1 Introduction 1134.2 Role in Education 1154.3 Impact of AI on Smart Cities 1164.3.1 Botler AI 1174.3.2 Spot 1174.3.3 Nimb 1174.3.4 Sawdhaan Application 1174.3.5 Basic Use Cases of Traffic AI 1184.4 AI and IoT Support in Agriculture 1194.5 Smart Meter Reading 1204.6 Conclusion 123References 1235 Registration of Vehicles With Validation and Obvious Manner Through Blockchain: Smart City Approach in Industry 5.0 127Rohit Rastogi, Bhuvneshwar Prasad Sharma and Muskan Gupta5.1 Introduction 1285.1.1 Concept of Smart Cities 1285.1.2 Problem of Car Registration and Motivation 1295.1.2.1 Research Objectives 1295.1.2.2 Scope of the Research Work 1295.1.3 5G Technology and Its Implications 1305.1.4 IoT and Its Applications in Transportation 1305.1.5 Usage of AI and ML in IoT and Blockchain 1315.2 Related Work 1315.2.1 Carchain 1325.2.2 Fabcar IBM Blockchain 1325.2.3 Blockchain and Future of Automobiles 1325.2.4 Significance of 5G Technology 1345.3 Presented Methodology 1345.4 Software Requirement Specification 1355.4.1 Product Perspective 1355.4.1.1 Similarities Between Carchain and Our Application 1355.4.1.2 Differences Between Carchain and Our Application 1355.4.2 System Interfaces 1365.4.3 Interfaces (Hardware and Software and Communication) 1365.4.3.1 Hardware Interfaces 1375.4.3.2 Software Interfaces 1375.4.3.3 Communications Interfaces 1385.4.4 Operations (Product Functions, User Characteristics) 1385.4.4.1 Product Functions 1385.4.4.2 User Characteristics 1385.4.5 Use Case, Sequence Diagram 1395.4.5.1 Use Case 1395.4.5.2 Sequence Diagrams 1415.4.5.3 System Design 1425.4.5.4 Architecture Diagrams 1435.5 Software and Hardware Requirements 1505.5.1 Software Requirements 1505.5.2 Hardware Requirements 1515.6 Implementation Details 1515.7 Results and Discussions 1555.8 Novelty and Recommendations 1565.9 Future Research Directions 1575.10 Limitations 1575.11 Conclusions 158References 1596 Designing of Fuzzy Controller for Adaptive Chair and Desk System 163Puneet Kundra, Rashmi Vashisth and Ashwani Kumar Dubey6.1 Introduction 1636.2 Time Spent Sitting in Front of Computer Screen 1656.3 Posture 1666.3.1 Need for Correct Posture 1676.3.2 Causes of Sitting in the Wrong Posture 1676.4 Designing of Ergonomic Seat 1676.4.1 Considerate Factors of an Ergonomic Chair and Desk System 1686.5 Fuzzy Control Designing 1706.5.1 Fuzzy Logic Controller Algorithm 1716.5.2 Fuzzy Membership Functions 1726.5.3 Rule Base 1746.5.4 Why Fuzzy Controller? 1766.6 Result of Chair and Desk Control 1776.7 Conclusions and Further Improvements 177References 1817 Blockchain Technology Dislocates Traditional Practice Through Cost Cutting in International Commodity Exchange 185Arya Kumar7.1 Introduction 1857.1.1 Maintenance of Documents of Supply Chain in Commodity Trading 1877.2 Blockchain Technology 1917.2.1 Smart Contracts 1917.3 Blockchain Solutions 1937.3.1 Monte Carlo Simulation in Blockchain Solution - An Illustration 1947.3.2 Supporting Blockchain Technology in the Food Industry Through Other Applications 1997.4 Conclusion 2007.5 Managerial Implication 2017.6 Future Scope of Study 201References 2028 InterPlanetary File System Protocol-Based Blockchain Framework for Routine Data and Security Management in Smart Farming 205Sreethi Thangam M., Janeera D.A., Sherubha P., Sasirekha S.P., J. Geetha Ramani and Ruth Anita Shirley D.8.1 Introduction 2068.1.1 Blockchain Technology for Agriculture 2078.2 Data Management in Smart Farming 2088.2.1 Agricultural Information 2098.2.2 Supply Chain Efficiency 2098.2.3 Quality Management 2108.2.4 Nutritional Value 2108.2.5 Food Safety 2118.2.6 IoT Automation 2118.3 Proposed Smart Farming Framework 2128.3.1 Wireless Sensors 2128.3.2 Communication Channels 2138.3.3 IoT and Cloud Computing 2148.3.4 Blockchain and IPFS Integration 2158.4 Farmers Support System 2178.4.1 Sustainable Farming 2188.5 Results and Discussions 2198.5.1 Benefits and Challenges 2198.6 Conclusion 2218.7 Future Scope 221References 2219 A Review on Blockchain Technology 225Er. Aarti9.1 Introduction 2269.1.1 Characteristics of Blockchain Technology 2279.1.1.1 Decentralization 2289.1.1.2 Transparency 2289.1.1.3 Immutability 2289.2 Related Work 2299.3 Architecture of Blockchain and Its Components 2299.4 Blockchain Taxonomy 2319.4.1 Public Blockchain 2319.4.2 Consortium Blockchain 2319.4.3 Private Blockchain 2329.5 Consensus Algorithms 2339.5.1 Functions of Blockchain Consensus Mechanisms 2339.5.2 Some Approaches to Consensus 2349.5.2.1 Proof of Work (PoW) 2349.5.2.2 Proof of Stake (PoS) 2359.5.2.3 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) 2369.5.2.4 Leased Proof of Stake (LPoS) 2379.5.2.5 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) 2379.5.2.6 Proof of Burn (PoB) 2389.5.2.7 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) 2399.6 Challenges in Terms of Technologies 2399.7 Major Application Areas 2409.7.1 Finance 2409.7.2 Education 2409.7.3 Secured Connection 2409.7.4 Health 2409.7.5 Insurance 2419.7.6 E-Voting 2419.7.7 Smart Contracts 2419.7.8 Waste and Sanitation 2419.8 Conclusion 242References 24210 Technological Dimension of a Smart City 247Laxmi Kumari Pathak, Shalini Mahato and Soni Sweta10.1 Introduction 24710.2 Major Advanced Technological Components of ICT in Smart City 24910.2.1 Internet of Things 24910.2.2 Big Data 25010.2.3 Artificial Intelligence 25010.3 Different Dimensions of Smart Cities 25010.4 Issues Related to Smart Cities 25010.5 Conclusion 265References 26611 Blockchain--Does It Unleash the Hitched Chains of Contemporary Technologies 269Abigail Christina Fernandez and Thamarai Selvi Rajukannu11.1 Introduction 27011.2 Historic Culmination of Blockchain 27111.3 The Hustle About Blockchain--Revealed 27211.3.1 How Does It Work? 27311.3.2 Consent in Accordance--Consensus Algorithm 27311.4 The Unique Upfront Statuesque of Blockchain 27511.4.1 Key Elements of Blockchain 27511.4.2 Adversaries Manoeuvred by Blockchain 27611.4.2.1 Double Spending Problem 27611.4.2.2 Selfish Mining and Eclipse Attacks 27611.4.2.3 Smart Contracts 27711.4.3 Breaking the Clutches of Centralized Operations 27711.5 Blockchain Compeers Complexity 27811.6 Paradigm Shift to Deciphering Technologies Adjoining Blockchain 27911.7 Convergence of Blockchain and AI Toward a Sustainable Smart City 28011.8 Business Manifestations of Blockchain 28211.9 Constraints to Adapt to the Resilient Blockchain 28711.10 Conclusion 287References 28812 An Overview of Blockchain Technology: Architecture and Consensus Protocols 293Himanshu Rastogi12.1 Introduction 29412.2 Blockchain Architecture 29512.2.1 Block Structure 29612.2.2 Hashing and Digital Signature 29712.3 Consensus Algorithm 29812.3.1 Compute-Intensive-Based Consensus (CIBC) Protocols 30012.3.1.1 Pure Proof of Work (PoW) 30012.3.1.2 Prime Number Proof of Work(Prime Number PoW) 30012.3.1.3 Delayed Proof of Work (DPoW) 30112.3.2 Capability-Based Consensus Protocols 30212.3.2.1 Proof of Stake (PoS) 30212.3.2.2 Delegated Proof of Stake (DPoS) 30312.3.2.3 Proof of Stake Velocity (PoSV) 30312.3.2.4 Proof of Burn (PoB) 30412.3.2.5 Proof of Space (PoSpace) 30412.3.2.6 Proof of History (PoH) 30512.3.2.7 Proof of Importance (PoI) 30512.3.2.8 Proof of Believability (PoBelievability) 30612.3.2.9 Proof of Authority (PoAuthority) 30712.3.2.10 Proof of Elapsed Time (PoET) 30712.3.2.11 Proof of Activity (PoA) 30812.3.3 Voting-Based Consensus Protocols 30812.3.3.1 Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) 30912.3.3.2 Delegated Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DBFT) 31012.3.3.3 Federated Byzantine Arrangement (FBA) 31012.3.3.4 Combined Delegated Proof of Stake and Byzantine Fault Tolerance (DPoS+BFT) 31112.4 Conclusion 312References 31213 Applicability of Utilizing Blockchain Technology in Smart Cities Development 317Auwal Alhassan Musa, Shashivendra Dulawat, Kabeer Tijjani Saleh and Isyaku Auwalu Alhassan13.1 Introduction 31813.2 Smart Cities Concept 31913.3 Definition of Smart Cities 32013.4 Legal Framework by EU/AIOTI of Smart Cities 32113.5 The Characteristic of Smart Cities 32213.5.1 Climate and Environmentally Friendly 32213.5.2 Livability 32213.5.3 Sustainability 32313.5.4 Efficient Resources Management 32313.5.5 Resilient 32313.5.6 Dynamism 32313.5.7 Mobility 32313.6 Challenges Faced by Smart Cities 32413.6.1 Security Challenge 32413.6.2 Generation of Huge Data 32413.6.3 Concurrent Information Update 32513.6.4 Energy Consumption Challenge 32513.7 Blockchain Technology at Glance 32513.8 Key Drivers to the Implementation of Blockchain Technology for Smart Cities Development 32713.8.1 Internet of Things (IoT) 32813.8.2 Architectural Organization of the Internet of Things 32813.9 Challenges of Utilizing Blockchain in Smart City Development 32913.9.1 Security and Privacy as a Challenge to Blockchain Technology 33013.9.2 Lack of Cooperation 33113.9.3 Lack of Regulatory Clarity and Good Governance 33113.9.4 Energy Consumption and Environmental Cost 33213.10 Solution Offered by Blockchain to Smart Cities Challenges 33213.10.1 Secured Data 33313.10.2 Smart Contract 33313.10.3 Easing the Smart Citizen Involvement 33313.10.4 Ease of Doing Business 33313.10.5 Development of Sustainable Infrastructure 33313.10.6 Transparency in Protection and Security 33413.10.7 Consistency and Auditability of Data Record 33413.10.8 Effective, Efficient Automation Process 33413.10.9 Secure Authentication 33513.10.10 Reliability and Continuity of the Basic Services 33513.10.11 Crisis and Violence Management 33513.11 Conclusion 335References 336About the Editors 341Index 343

O autorze

Vishal Kumar, PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Bipin Tripathi Kumaon Institute of Technology, Dwarahat (an Autonomous Institute of Govt. of Uttarakhand), India.Vishal Jain, PhD is an associate professor at the Department of Computer Science and Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, Sharda University, Greater Noida, UP India. He has more than 450 research citation indices with Google Scholar (h-index score 12 and i-10 index 15).Bharti Sharma, PhD is an assistant professor and academic head of the MCA department of DIT University, Dehradun, India.Jyotir Moy Chatterjee is an assistant professor in the Information Technology Department at Lord Buddha Education Foundation (LBEF), Kathmandu, Nepal. He has published more than 60 international research paper publications, three conference papers, three authored books, 10 edited books, 16 book chapters, two Master's theses converted into books, and one patent.Rakesh Shrestha, PhD is a postdoctoral researcher at the Department of Information and Communication Engineering, Yeungnam University, South Korea.