Simulation and Imaging of the Cardiac System: State of the Heart

ISBN-13: 9789401087100 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 452 str.

S. Sideman;Rafael Beyar

Opis

The ultrasound velocity tomography allows measurement of cardiac geometries for various phases in the cardiac cycle. The present tomograph makes reconstruc- tions at intervals of 20 ms. Because of a lack of clear (intramural) landmarks (except the roots of the papillairy muscle), it is difficult to pinpoint spatial trajectories of particular points in the heart. Therefore, a second method was developed of injecting radiopaque markers in the heart and following their motion patterns during the cardiac cycle with help of a biplane X-ray equipment. The data obtained with both methods can be implemented in our finite element model of the heart to compute intramural stresses and strains. The results obtained sofar with the extended Darcy equation to account for the interaction of blood rheology and tissue mechanics look promising. Further testing with more sophisticated subjects than mentioned in Figure 9 is required before it will be implemented in our finite element model of the heart. We conclude that analysis of regional cardiac function, including regional myocardial blood flow, requires still a major research effort but the results obtained sofar justify, to our opinion, a continuation in this direction. Acknowledgement The authors acknowledge Dr. C. Borst and coworkers for doing the animal experiments and prof. Van Campen and dr. Grootenboer for their participation is some aspects of this work.

Spis treści

Introduction, desires and designs.- 1. Interaction of modern technology and clinical practice.- 2. Major interacting parameters in a 3-D model of the cardiac system.- 3. Some physiological aspects in the development of cardiac models.- 4. The role of mathematical models in an assessment of myocardial function.- Cardiac Mechanics.- 5. Left ventricular performance and its systolic mechanical properties.- 6. Three-dimensional models of the heart: Advantages and limitations.- 7. A cardiac model convenient for vascular load coupling.- 8. Models of ventricular dynamics.- 9. Material and structural limitations in a 3-D finite element model of the left ventricle.- General discussion.- 3-D Imaging and Reconstruction.- 10. Quantitative 3-D imaging of the heart; myocardium and chambers.- 11. Three-dimensional analysis of the cardiovascular system.- 12. Three-dimensional ultrasonic cardiac reconstruction: general aspects and application to finite element analysis of the left ventricle.- 13. Cardiac Imaging and modelling.- 14. A data acquisition and processing system for ultrasound — and video images and the reconstruction of 3-D images.- Flow within the Cardiovascular System.- 15. The cardiac and vascular interactions in the regulation of cardiac output.- 16. Flow within the left ventricular cavity: relative significance of various haemodynamic effects.- 17. A method for calculating time-dependent epicardial coronary blood flow.- Advanced Electrocardiology.- 18. Multidimensional activation of the heart: The effect of anisotrophy in conductivity of cardiac tissue.- 19. A bidomain model of the ECG: Time integrals and inverse problem.- 20. Critical aspects of the forward and inverse problems in electrocardiography.- 21. Simulation of the cardiac electrical activity sequence using 3-D stochastically distributed parameters.- Coronary Perfusion.- 22. Metabolic control of coronary blood flow.- 23. Neural control of coronary blood flow.- 24. The interrelationship between the left ventricular contraction, transmural blood perfusion and spatial energy balance: A new model of the cardiac system.- Metabolism and Energy Balance.- 25. Physiological factors determining cardiac energy expenditure.- 26. Constraints in the interpretation of dynamic images of metabolic events.- 27. Flux analysis of 13C NMR metabolite enrichments in perfused rat hearts using FACSIMILE.- 28. The future of the interface between medicine and engineering.- 29. Closing session.- List of contributors.- Index of subjects.