Simulation Modeling for Watershed Management

ISBN-13: 9780387988931 / Angielski / Twarda / 2000 / 190 str.

James Westervelt

Opis

Simulation models enable land and watershed managers to make precise, authoritative determinations about the affects of various changes on the environment over time. This book discusses the role of modeling in the management process and gives an overview of state-of-the-art modeling applications. The first chapters provide background on the benefits and costs of modeling and on the ecological basis of models, using historical applications as examples. The second section of the book describes the latest models from a wide selection of environmental disciplines. Since management frequently requires the integration of knowledge from many different areas, both single discipline and multidiscipline models are discussed in detail. The author emphasizes the importance of understanding the issues and alternatives in choosing, applying, and evaluating models. Land and watershed managers as well as students of forestry, park management, regional planing and agriculture will find this book a thorough and practical introduction to all aspects of modeling.

Spis treści

I History, Theory, and Challenges.- 1 Characterizing Watershed and Landscape Management.- 1.1 Locally Led Watershed Management.- 1.2 Management Committees and Plans.- 2 Challenges of Management and Modeling.- 2.1 Simulation Modeling Objectives.- 2.2 Which Comes First, Data or Models?.- 2.3 Making Modeling Cost Effective.- 2.4 How Formal Should a Model Be?.- 3 Perspectives in Ecological Modeling and Simulation.- 3.1 Underlying Theories of Ecology.- 3.2 Ecological Simulation Software.- 4 Perspectives in Hydrologic Modeling and Simulation.- 4.1 Simulation Models.- 4.2 The Role of Geographic Information Systems.- II Choosing Models and Modeling Environments.- 5 Questions Addressed with Single-Discipline Simulation Models.- 5.1 Questions Addressed by Surface Water Erosion and Pollution Models.- 5.2 River Management.- 5.3 Stream Management.- 5.4 Plant Community Succession.- 5.5 Urban Growth.- 6 Questions Addressed with Multidiscipline Simulation Models.- 6.1 Sample Model Integration Environments.- 6.2 Sample Multidisciplinary Models.- 7 Creating New Models.- 7.1 Geographic Information Systems-Based Approaches.- 7.2 Introductory Dynamic Modeling Software.- 7.3 Power Dynamic Modeling Software.- 8 Coordinating Large-Scale, Interdisciplinary Watershed Modeling.- 8.1 Modeling Steps.- 8.2 Management Concerns.- 8.3 Conclusions.- 9 Analyzing Alternatives.- 9.1 Decision Trade-Off Analysis.- 9.2 Approach to Analysis.- 9.3 Summary.- 10 Who Develops and Runs the Models?.- 11 Error and Uncertainty Analysis 107.- 11.1 Sources of Error.- 11.2 Tracking Error and Uncertainty.- 12 Model Evaluation Guidelines.- 12.1 Requirements Identification.- 12.2 Establishing Modeling Expectations.- 12.3 Model Selection Criteria.- 12.4 Modeling Environment Selection Criteria.- III An Integrated Watershed Modeling and Simulation Future.- 13 Approaches to Future Model Integration.- 13.1 Common User Interface.- 13.2 Scientific Models Integrated Behind Management Models.- 13.3 Scientific Models Converted to Management Model Modules.- 13.4 New Management Models.- 13.5 New Modeling Languages.- 14 Design Philosophies.- 14.1 Embrace Current Ecological, Economic, and Management Theories.- 14.2 Use Existing Code.- 14.3 Minimize the Number of Authors of Any Given Module.- 14.4 Embrace Legacy Software.- 14.5 Design Everything to Be Modular.- 14.6 Distributed.- 14.7 Multiple Interface Levels.- 14.8 Model Components as Objects.- 15 Watershed Manager’s View.- 15.1 System Design Philosophy.- 15.2 Multiple Models.- 15.3 Model Modification.- 16 Modeler’s View.- 16.1 Audience.- 16.2 Imagine.- 16.3 System Design Philosophy.- 16.4 Model Control Center.- 16.5 Subsystems.- 16.6 Viewers and Controllers.- 17 Programmer’s View.- 17.1 Audience.- 17.2 System Design Philosophy.- 17.3 System Overview.- 17.4 Subsystem Encapsulation.- 17.5 Data Cache Objects and the Data Register.- 17.6 Simulation Timekeeper.- 17.7 Viewers and Controllers.- 17.8 Implementation Approaches.- Conclusions.- References.