Sediment and Contaminant Transport in Surface Waters

ISBN-13: 9781420059878 / Angielski / Twarda / 2008 / 416 str.

Wilbert J. Lick

Opis

Contaminated bottom sediments and their negative impacts on water quality are a major problem in surface waters throughout the United States as well as in many other parts of the world. Even after elimination of the primary contaminant sources, these bottom sediments will be a main source of contaminants for many years to come. In order to determine environmentally-effective and cost-effective remedial actions, the transport and fate of these sediments and associated contaminants must be understood and quantified. This book details how to best approach contaminated sediments, allowing readers to better assess and address water quality and health issues, water body management, and potential remediation methods. Understand and Address Major Environmental Threats to Our Water Sediment and contaminant transport is an enormously rich and complex field that involves physical, chemical, and biological processes as well as the mathematical modeling of these processes. While many books have been written on these broad topics, Sediment and Contaminant Transport in Surface Waters takes a more focused approach, highlighting areas that have been investigated but not covered thoroughly elsewhere. This volume emphasizes the erosion, deposition, flocculation, and transport of fine-grained, cohesive sediments; the effects of finite rates of sorption on the transport and fate of hydrophobic contaminants; and the effects of major events such as floods and storms. Despite these emphases, the overall goal of the text is to present a general description and understanding of the transport of sediments and contaminants in surface waters as well as procedures to quantitatively predict this transport.

Spis treści

Introduction Examples of Contaminated Sediment Sites Hudson River Lower Fox River Passaic River/Newark Bay Palos Verdes Shelf Modeling, Parameterization, and Non-Unique Solutions Modeling Parameterization and Non-Unique Solutions The Importance of Big Events Overview of Book General Properties of Sediments Particle Sizes Classification of Sizes Measurements of Particle Size Size Distributions Variations in Size of Natural Sediments throughout a System Settling Speeds Mineralogy Flocculation of Suspended Sediments Bulk Densities of Bottom Sediments Measurements of Bulk Density Variations in Bulk Density Sediment Erosion Devices for Measuring Sediment Resuspension/Erosion Annular Flumes The Shaker Sedflume A Comparison of Devices Results of Field Measurements Detroit River Kalamazoo River Effects of Bulk Properties on Erosion Rates Bulk Density Particle Size Mineralogy Organic Content Salinity Gas Comparison of Erosion Rates Benthic Organisms and Bacteria Initiation of Motion and a Critical Shear Stress for Erosion Theoretical Analysis for Noncohesive Particles Effects of Cohesive Forces Effects of Bulk Density Effects of Clay Minerals Approximate Equations for Erosion Rates Cohesive Sediments Noncohesive Sediments A Uniformly Valid Equation Effects of Clay Minerals Effects of Surface Slope Noncohesive Sediments Critical Stresses for Cohesive Sediments Experimental Results for Cohesive Sediments Flocculation, Settling, Deposition, and Consolidation Basic Theory of Aggregation Collision Frequency Particle Interactions Results of Flocculation Experiments Flocculation due to Fluid Shear Flocculation due to Differential Settling Settling Speeds of Flocs Flocs Produced in a Couette Flocculator Flocs Produced in a Disk Flocculator An Approximate and Uniformly Valid Equation for the Settling Speed of a Floc Models of Flocculation General Formulation and Model A Simple Model A Very Simple Model An Alternate Derivation Fractal Theory Deposition Processes and Parameters That Affect Deposition Fluid Turbulence Particle Dynamics Particle Size Distribution Flocculation Bed Armoring/Consolidation Partial Coverage of Previously Deposited Sediments by Recently Deposited Sediments Experimental Results and Analyses Implications for Modeling Deposition Consolidation Experimental Results Basic Theory of Consolidation Consolidation Theory Including Gas Appendix A Appendix B Hydrodynamic Modeling General Considerations in the Modeling of Currents Basic Equations and Boundary Conditions Eddy Coefficients Bottom Shear Stress Effects of Currents Effects of Waves and Currents Wind Stress Sigma Coordinates Numerical Stability Two-Dimensional, Vertically Integrated, Time-Dependent Models Basic Equations and Approximations The Lower Fox River Wind-Driven Currents in Lake Erie Two-Dimensional, Horizontally Integrated, Time-Dependent Models Basic Equations and Approximations Time-Dependent Thermal Stratification in Lake Erie Three-Dimensional, Time-Dependent Models Lower Duwamish Waterway Numerical Error Due to Use of Sigma Coordinates Model of Currents and Salinities Flow around Partially Submerged Cylindrical Bridge Piers Wave Action Wave Generation Lake Erie A Southwest Wind A North Wind Relation of Wave Action to Sediment Texture Modeling Sediment Transport Overview of Models Dimensions Quantities That Significantly Affect Sediment Transport Erosion Rates Particle/Floc Size Distributions Settling Speeds Deposition Rates Flocculation of Particles Consolidation Erosion into Suspended Load and/or Bedload Bed Armoring Transport as Suspended Load and Bedload Suspended Load Bedload Erosion into Suspended Load and/or Bedload Bed Armoring Simple Applications Transport and Coarsening in a Straight Channel Transport in an Expansion Region Transport in a Curved Channel The Vertical Transport and Distribution of Flocs Rivers Sediment Transport in the Lower Fox River Model Parameters A Time-Varying Flow Upstream Boundary Condition for Sediment Concentration Use of Sedflume Data in Modeling Erosion Rates Effects of Grid Size Sediment Transport in the Saginaw River Sediment Transport during Spring Runoff Long-Term Sediment Transport Predictions Lakes and Bays Modeling Big Events in Lake Erie Transport due to Uniform Winds The 1940 Armistice Day Storm Geochronology Comparison of Sediment Transport Models for Green Bay Formation of a Turbidity Maximum in an Estuary Numerical Model and Transport Parameters Numerical Calculations A Constant-Depth, Steady-State Flow A Variable-Depth, Steady-State Flow A Variable-Depth, Time-Dependent Tidal Flow The Sorption and Partitioning of Hydrophobic Organic Chemicals Experimental Results and Analyses Basic Experiments Parameters That Affect Steady-State Sorption and Partitioning Colloids from the Sediments Colloids from the Water Organic Content of Sediments Sorption to Benthic Organisms and Bacteria Nonlinear Isotherms Modeling the Dynamics of Sorption A Diffusion Model A Simple and Computationally Efficient Model Calculations with the General Model and Comparisons with Experimental Results Desorption Adsorption Short-Term Adsorption Followed by Desorption Effects of Chemical Properties on Adsorption Modeling the Transport and Fate of Hydrophobic Chemicals Effects of Erosion/Deposition and Transport The Saginaw River Green Bay, Effects of Finite Sorption Rates The Diffusion Approximation for the Sediment-Water Flux Simple, or Fickian, Diffusion Sorption Equilibrium A Mass Transfer Approximation The Sediment-Water Flux due to Molecular Diffusion Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) Experiments Theoretical Models Diffusion of Tritiated Water HCB Diffusion and Sorption Additional HOCs Experimental Results Theoretical Model Numerical Calculations Long-Term Sediment-Water Fluxes Related Problems Flux from Contaminated Bottom Sediments to Clean Overlying Water Flux Due to a Contaminant Spill The Sediment-Water Flux Due to Bioturbation Physical Mixing of Sediments by Organisms The Flux of an HOC Due to Organisms Experimental Procedures Theoretical Model Experimental and Modeling Results Modeling Bioturbation as a Diffusion with Finite-Rate Sorption Process The Sediment-Water Flux Due to "Diffusion" The Flux and the Formation of Sediment Layers Due to Erosion/Deposition Comparison of "Diffusive" Fluxes and Decay Times Observations of Well-Mixed Layers The Determination of an Effective h Environmental Dredging: A Study of Contaminant Release and Transport Transport of Dredged Particles Transport and Desorption of Chemical Initially Sorbed to Dredged Particles Diffusive Release of Contaminant from the Residual Layers Volatilization Water Quality Modeling, Parameterization, and Non-Unique Solutions Process Models Sediment Erosion Sediment Deposition Bed Armoring The Sediment-Water Flux of HOCs Due to "Diffusion" Equilibrium Partitioning Numerical Grid Parameterization and Non-Unique Solutions Implications for Water Quality Modeling References Index

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Wilbert Lick