Seabird Ecology

ISBN-13: 9781461292401 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 166 str.

R. W. Furness; R. W. Furness

Opis

In the last few years there has been an excltmg upsurge in seabird research. There are several reasons for this. Man's increased ex- ploitation of natural resources has led to a greater awareness of the potential conflicts with seabirds, and of the use of seabirds to indicate the damage we might be doing to our environment. Many seabird populations have increased dramatically in numbers and so seem more likely to conflict with man, for example through competition for food or transmission of diseases. Oil exploration and production has resulted in major studies of seabird distributions and ecology in relation to oil pollution. The possibility that seabirds may provide information on fish stock biology is now being critically investigated. Some seabird species have suffered serious declines in numbers and require conservation action to be taken to reduce the chances that they will become extinct. This requires an understanding of the factors determining their population size and dynamics.

Spis treści

1. Introduction.- 2. Seabird Life Styles.- 2.1 What is a seabird?.- 2.2 Habitat selection.- 2.3 Mating systems.- 2.4 Colonial breeding.- 2.4.1 Foraging.- 2.4.2 Predation.- 2.4.3 Social behavior.- 2.5 Life-history theory.- 2.6 Comparative seabird life histories.- 2.6.1 Longevity.- 2.6.2 Age of first breeding.- 2.6.3 Timing of breeding.- 2.6.4 Clutch and brood size.- 2.6.5 Chick growth and parental care.- 2.6.6 Dispersal and migration.- 2.7 Conclusions.- 2.8 Interactions with man.- 3. Seabird Feeding Ecology.- 3.1 What seabirds eat.- 3.1.1 Range of available prey.- 3.1.2 Methods of assessing seabird diets.- 3.1.3 The importance of diet quality.- 3.2 How seabirds feed.- 3.2.1 Underwater pursuit diving.- 3.2.2 Plunge diving.- 3.2.3 Feeding from the surface.- 3.2.4 Feeding from the air.- 3.2.5 Shoreline feeding, scavenging and kleptoparasitism.- 3.3 Where seabirds feed.- 3.4 Variation in foraging success with age.- 3.5 Studying seabird communities.- 4. Regulation of Seabird Populations.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.9 Regulation of populations: the theories.- 4.2.1 Lack’s hypothesis.- 4.2.2 Ashmole’s hypothesis.- 4.2.3 Wynne-Edwards’ hypothesis.- 4.2.4 Control by density-independent processes.- 4.3 The evidence: are seabird populations regulated?.- 4.4 The evidence: density-dependent effects.- 4.4.1 Limitation by nest sites.- 4.4.2 Colony sizes and growth.- 4.4.3 Feeding distribution of colonial seabirds.- 4.4.4 Breeding performance in relation to colony size.- 4.5 Conclusions.- 5. Interactions with Fisheries.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Estimating food consumption by seabirds.- 5.2.1 Field measurements of feeds and feed weights.- 5.2.2 Bioenergetics equations.- 5.2.3 Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR).- 5.2.4 Existence Metabolism (EM).- 5.2.5 Flight and swimming costs.- 5.2.6 Egg production.- 5.2.7 Incubation costs and chick energetics.- 5.2.8 Moult costs.- 5.2.9 Assimilation efficiency.- 5.3 Simulation modeling.- 5.3.1 Model sensitivity.- 5.3.2 Model validation.- 5.3.3 Applications of modeling.- 5.4 Direct measurement of seabird metabolism.- 5.5 Changes in ecosystem structure.- 5.5.1 Upwelling ecosystems.- 5.5.2 The Southern Ocean.- 5.5.3 The North Sea.- 5.6 Conclusions.- 6. Monitoring Marine Environments.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Plastics.- 6.3 Oil.- 6.4 Organochlorines.- 6.4.1 Effects of organochlorines.- 6.4.2 Monitoring of organochlorines.- 6.5 Heavy metals.- 6.5.1 Definition and global distribution.- 6.5.2 Occurrence and distribution of metals in seabirds.- 6.5.3 Toxic effects of metals.- 6.5.4 Feathers as a monitor of metals.- 6.6 Radionuclides.- 6.7 Monitoring fish stocks.- 6.8 Monitoring seabird numbers.- 7. Seabirds as Pests.- 7.1 Conflict with fisheries and agriculture.- 7.2 Detrimental effects on other species.- 7.3 Gulls and the urban environment.- 7.3.1 Urban nesting.- 7.3.2 Gulls and refuse tips.- 7.3.3 Bird strikes.- 7.4 Disease transmission.- 7.4.1 Salmonella carriage by gulls.- 7.4.2 Other diseases.- 7.5 Control of seabird pests.- 8. Seabird Conservation Requirements.- 8.1 Exploitation of seabirds by man.- 8.2 Habitat destruction.- 8.3 Predation by introduced alien animals.- 8.4 Other factors.- References.