Scientific Visualization: Techniques and Applications

ISBN-13: 9783642769443 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 284 str.

K. W. Brodlie; L. a. Carpenter; R. a. Earnshaw

Opis

Background A group of UKexperts on Scientific Visualization and its associated applications gathered at The Cosener's House in Abingdon, Oxford shire (UK) in February 1991 to consider all aspects of scientific visualization and to produce a number of documents: a detailed summary of current knowledge, techniques and appli cations in the field (this book); an Introductory Guide to Visualization that could be widely dis tributed to the UK academic community as an encouragement to use visualization techniques and tools in their work; a Management Report (to the UK Advisory Group On Computer Graphics - AGOCG) documenting the principal results of the workshop and making recommendations as appropriate. This book proposes a framework through which scientific visualiza tion systems may be understood and their capabilities described. It then provides overviews of the techniques, data facilities and human-computer interface that are required in a scientific visualiza tion system. The ways in which scientific visualization has been applied to a wide range of applications is reviewed and the available products that are scientific visualization systems or contribute to sci entific visualization systems are described. The book is completed by a comprehensive bibliography of literature relevant to scientific visualization and a glossary of terms. VI Scientific Visualization Acknowledgements This book was predominantly written during the workshop in Abingdon. The participants started from an "input document" pro duced by Ken Brodlie, Lesley Ann Carpenter, Rae Earnshaw, Julian Gallop (with Janet Haswell), Chris Osland and Peter Quarendon."

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 1.1 What is Scientific Visualization?.- 1.2 History and Background.- 1.3 Current Activities in Scientific Visualization.- 1.3.1 USA.- 1.3.2 UK.- 1.3.3 Europe.- 1.4 Background to the AGOCG Workshop.- 1.5 Introduction to the Book.- 1.6 Recommendations of the Workshop.- 1.7 Key References.- 2 Framework.- 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Scope.- 2.3 High Level Models.- 2.3.1 Model of Creative Thinking.- 2.3.2 Model of Scientific Investigation.- 2.3.3 Detailed Model of Visualization.- 2.4 Framework Model.- 2.5 Module Model.- 2.5.1 Overview.- 2.5.2 Details of Data Types.- 2.5.3 Details of Modules.- 2.6 Functionality Aspects.- 2.6.1 Functional Richness.- 2.6.2 Data Import and Export.- 2.6.3 Data Accuracy and Errors.- 2.6.4 Presentation of Metric Information.- 2.6.5 Distributed Architecture.- 2.7 Qualitative Aspects.- 2.7.1 Responsiveness.- 2.7.2 Human-Computer Interface.- 2.7.3 Appropriateness.- 2.7.4 Costs versus Benefits.- 2.8 Implementation.- 2.9 Key References.- 3 Visualization Techniques.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Elements of a Visualization Technique.- 3.2.1 Building an Empirical Model.- 3.2.2 Representation as an Abstract Visualization Object.- 3.2.3 Realization of the Visualization Object.- 3.3 Classification.- 3.4 Techniques for Point Data.- 3.5 Techniques for Scalar Entities.- 3.5.1 One-Dimensional Domain.- 3.5.2 Two-Dimensional Domain.- 3.5.3 Three-Dimensional Domain.- 3.6 Techniques for Vector Entities.- 3.6.1 Two-Dimensional Vector Fields.- 3.6.2 Three-Dimensional Vector Fields.- 3.7 Techniques for Tensor Fields.- 3.8 Image Processing Techniques.- 3.8.1 Introduction.- 3.8.2 Image Enhancement.- 3.8.3 Feature Extraction and Segmentation.- 3.8.4 Transformations.- 3.8.5 Image Processing Techniques.- 3.9 Animation.- 3.9.1 Animation Techniques.- 3.9.2 Video.- 3.10 Interaction Techniques.- 3.10.1 General Viewing.- 3.10.2 Display Techniques.- 3.10.3 Parameters.- 3.10.4 Associated Data (such as Colourmaps).- 3.10.5 Selection.- 3.10.6 Annotation.- 3.11 Perception of 3D.- 3.11.1 Context.- 3.11.2 Perspective and Lighting and Shading.- 3.11.3 Stereo Views.- 3.12 Conclusions and Future Trends.- 3.13 Key References.- 4 Data Facilities.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Data Sources.- 4.3 Data Classification.- 4.3.1 External and Internal Data.- 4.3.2 Original and Derived Data.- 4.3.3 Basic Primitive Elements and Logical Sets.- 4.3.4 Geometric and Property Data.- 4.3.5 Record Data.- 4.3.6 Relationships.- 4.4 Management of Data.- 4.4.1 Data Description and Manipulation Languages.- 4.4.2 Archiving.- 4.5 Data Transformation.- 4.5.1 Data Normalization.- 4.5.2 Filtering.- 4.5.3 Smoothing.- 4.5.4 Grid Rezoning.- 4.5.5 Coordinate Transformation.- 4.5.6 Linear Transformation.- 4.5.7 Geometric transformation.- 4.5.8 Segmentation.- 4.5.9 Feature Detection, Enhancement and Extraction.- 4.5.10 Colour Table Manipulation and Feature Mapping.- 4.6 Data Compression.- 4.6.1 Data Integrity.- 4.6.2 Compression Techniques.- 4.6.3 Standards.- 4.7 Data Formats.- 4.7.1 Generic Data Formats.- 4.7.2 Application-Specific Data Formats.- 4.7.3 Image/Picture Data Formats.- 4.7.4 Data Format Conversion Tools.- 4.7.5 Standards.- 4.8 Recommendations.- 4.9 Key References.- 5 Human-Computer Interface.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 User Issues.- 5.2.1 Cognitive Issues.- 5.2.2 Perceptual Issues.- 5.2.3 Human Factors.- 5.2.4 Organizational Issues.- 5.3 System Issues.- 5.3.1 Flexibility.- 5.3.2 Separation of Logical and Physical Models.- 5.3.3 Virtual and Physical Interaction Devices.- 5.3.4 Dialogue Management.- 5.3.5 Context Sensitive Help.- 5.4 Conclusions and Recommendations.- 5.5 Key References.- 6 Applications.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Chapter Structure.- 6.3 Cartography.- 6.4 Study of Statistical Indicators.- 6.5 Remote Sensing.- 6.6 Analysis of Archaeological Data.- 6.7 Physical Chemistry and Drug Design.- 6.8 Biochemistry.- 6.9 Materials Research.- 6.10 Medical Science.- 6.11 Archaeological Reconstruction.- 6.12 Meteorology.- 6.13 Ice Stream Visualization.- 6.14 Oceanography.- 6.15 Oil Reservoir Engineering.- 6.16 Computational Fluid Dynamics.- 6.17 Dynamics of Systems.- 6.18 Program Visualization.- 6.19 Conclusions.- 6.20 Key References.- 7 Products.- 7.1 Introduction.- 7.2 Visualization Software Categories.- 7.2.1 Graphics Libraries and Presentation Packages.- 7.2.2 Turnkey Visualization Systems.- 7.2.3 Application Builders.- 7.2.4 Categories explored in this Chapter.- 7.3 Examples of Software Products.- 7.3.1 Factors.- 7.3.2 Examples of Turnkey Visualization Systems.- 7.3.3 Examples of Application Builders.- 7.4 Benchmarking and Validation.- 7.5 Future Trends.- 7.6 Conclusions.- 7.7 Key References.- 8 Conclusions.- 8.1 Summary- and where to get further information.- 8.2 Methodology and Reference Model.- 8.3 Techniques.- 8.4 Data Facilities.- 8.5 Human-Computer Interface.- 8.6 Applications.- 8.7 Products.- 8.8 Infrastructure Support.- 8.9 Other uses of Visualization Tools.- 8.10 Virtual Reality Systems.- 8.11 Importance of Scientific Visualization.- 8.12 References.- Appendices A Enabling Technologies.- A.1 Hardware.- A.1.1 Hardware platforms for ViSC.- A.1.2 Graphics input for ViSC.- A.1.3 Graphics output for ViSC.- A.2 Graphics software for ViSC.- A.2.1 2D Graphics Systems.- A.2.2 3D Graphics Systems.- A.2.3 Window Systems.- A.3 User Interface Toolkits.- A.4 Database Systems.- A.4.1 Basics.- A.4.2 Database Management System Products.- A.5 ViSC Generic Data Formats.- A.5.1 HDF.- A.5.2 NetCDF.- A.6 Key References.- B Glossary.- B.1 Visualization Terms.- B.2 Abbreviations and Acronyms.- C Bibliography.