I Introduction to Sagittal Balance 1 Historical Background of Spinal Sagittal Balance 2 The Acquisition of Human Verticality II Biomechanics of Sagittal Balance 3 From the Head to the Feet: Anatomy of the Upright Position 4 Modeling of the Spine 5 Sagittal Balance: The Main Parameters 6 Spinal Curves Segmentation and Lumbar Lordosis Classification III Normative Values Following Age and Populations 7 Normative Values of Sagittal Balance in Children and Adults 8 Sagittal Balance in the Elderly IV The Sagittal Balance of the Spine in Pathology 9 Local Stresses: Segmental Mechanism of Low Back Pain and Degeneration, and Stresses According to Spinal Orientation Contact Forces Theory 10 Mechanisms of Spinal Degeneration According to Spinopelvic Morphotypes 11 Sagittal Imbalance Compensatory Mechanisms V The Non Scoliotic Spine 12 Isthmic Lytic Spondylolisthesis The Physiopathology, Classification, and Treatment Better Explained by the Sagittal Balance 13 Degenerative Spondylolisthesis: Does the Sagittal Balance Matter? 14 The Degenerative Aging Spine: A Challenge for Contemporaneous Societies 15 Scheuermann's Kyphosis 16 Cervical Sagittal Alignment and Cervicarthrosis 17 Advantages and Limitations of the SRS-Schwab Classification for Adult Spinal Deformity VI Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis (AIS) 18 Specificities in Growing Spine 19 Sagittal Balance Incidence on Treatment Strategy in AIS VII Adult Scoliosis (AS) 20 From Pathological to Normal Shapes in Adult Scoliosis 21 Sagittal Balance Treatment Strategy in a Posterior Approach 22 Adult Scoliosis Treatment with an Anterior Approach 23 Techniques for Spine Osteotomies and Clinical Applications 24 Surgical Failures Mechanisms and Their Treatment