1. Introduction; 2. Rome in 800: the pontificate of Leo III; 3. Paschal I, the church of Santa Prassede, and the question of a 'Carolingian renovatio' in Rome; 4. Paschal II: other projects; 5. Eugenius II, Gregory IV, and Sergius II; 6. The gathering storm: the pontificate of Pope Leo IV (847–55); 7. Benedict III, Nicholas I and Hadrian II, and the continuing 'Greek' presence in Rome; 8. The last hurrah: John VIII (872–82); 9. 'Not with a bang but a whimper'; 10. Afterword.