Rock-Forming Minerals in Thin Section

ISBN-13: 9780412644603 / Angielski / Twarda / 1997 / 220 str.

H. Pichler; Hans Pichler; Cornelia Schmitt-Riegraf

Opis

Providing detailed information on the rock-forming minerals, this text includes a description of all aspects of identification. A short practical guide to crystal optics is followed by a outline of the characteristic optical features of the most common rock-forming minerals. Identification tables and diagrams for the international classification of magmatic rocks make up the final part of the book, which is supplemented by an index and a true-colour Michel-Levy chart.

Spis treści

A Optical Crystallography.- 1 The polarizing microscope.- 1.1 Microscope components and their function.- 1.2 Accessory equipment.- 1.3 Adjustment of the microscope.- 1.3.1 Centring the condensing lens.- 1.3.2 Centring the objective.- 2 Orthoscopic observations.- 2.1 Observations with one polarizer.- 2.1.1 Light impervious (opaque) minerals and substances.- 2.1.2 Transparent minerals and substances.- 2.1.2.1 Characteristic crystal shapes.- 2.1.2.2 Cleavage.- 2.1.2.3 Colour and pleochroism.- 2.1.2.4 Refractive index: relief, chagrin, and the Becke line.- 2.2 Observations under crossed polars.- 2.2.1 Passage of light through isotropic media.- 2.2.2 Passage of light through anisotropic media.- 2.2.2.1 Birefringence and polarization.- 2.2.2.2 The indicatrix model.- 2.2.2.3 Optical character of elongation.- 2.2.2.4 Parallel, symmetric and oblique extinction.- 2.2.2.5 Twinning.- 3 Observations under conoscopic light.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 Conoscopic examination of optically uniaxial crystals.- 3.2.1 Conoscopic images of uniaxial crystals in different orientations.- 3.2.2 Determination of the optical character of uniaxial crystals.- 3.3 Determination of the optical character of biaxial minerals in the conoscopic light path.- 3.3.1 Conoscopic images of biaxial minerals in different orientations.- 3.3.2 Identification of the optical character of biaxial crystals.- 3.3.3 Estimation of the optic axial angle 2V.- 3.3.4 Determination of optic axial angles 2V in oblique section.- Summary 1: Mineral identification with the polarizing microscope.- Summary 2: Protocol of mineral identification in thin section.- B Optical Mineralogy.- 1 Opaque minerals and substances.- 1.1 Magnetite.- 1.2 Ilmenite.- 1.3 Hematite.- 1.4 Pyrite.- 1.5 Pyrrhotite.- 1.6 Graphite.- 1.7 Carbonaceous substances.- 2 Optically isotropic (also pseudocubic) minerals and amorphous substances.- 2.1 Perovskite.- 2.2 Spinel group.- 2.3 Pyrochlore and koppite.- 2.4 Garnet group.- 2.4.1 Pyrope.- 2.4.2 Almandine.- 2.4.3 Grossularite.- 2.4.4 Melanite.- 2.5 Leucite.- 2.6 Sodalite group.- 2.7 Analcite.- 2.8 Cristobalite.- 2.9 Fluorite.- 2.10 Amorphous minerals, glass and cryptocrystalline material.- 2.10.1 Limonite.- 2.10.2 Opal.- 2.10.3 Rock-glass.- 3 Optically uniaxial minerals.- 3.1 Minerals which are optically uniaxial positive.- 3.1.1 Rutile.- 3.1.2 Cassiterite.- 3.1.3 Zircon.- 3.1.4 Xenotime.- 3.1.5 Melilite group.- 3.1.6 SiO2 group.- 3.1.6.1 Quartz.- 3.1.6.2 Chalcedony.- 3.1.6.3 Tridymite.- 3.1.7 Chabazite.- 3.2 Minerals with uniaxial negative character.- 3.2.1 Anatase.- 3.2.2 Trigonal carbonate group.- 3.2.2.1 Calcite.- 3.2.2.2 Dolomite.- 3.2.2.3 Magnesite.- 3.2.2.4 Siderite.- 3.2.3 Corundum.- 3.2.4 Vesuvianite.- 3.2.5 Tourmaline.- 3.2.6 Apatite.- 3.2.7 Beryl.- 3.2.8 Nepheline.- 3.2.9 Scapolite group.- 3.2.10 Apophyllite.- 3.2.11 Cancrinite.- 4 Biaxial crystals.- 4.1 Olivine group.- 4.2 Pyroxene group.- 4.2.1 Orthopyroxene group: enstatite, bronzite, hypersthene.- 4.2.2 Clinopyroxenes.- 4.2.2.1 Diopside group.- 4.2.2.2 Augite group.- 4.2.2.3 Titanaugite.- 4.2.2.4 Pigeonite.- 4.2.2.5 Aegirine-augite series.- 4.2.2.6 Jadeite.- 4.2.2.7 Omphacite.- Determination of the maximum extinction angle for pyroxenes and amphiboles.- 4.3 Amphibole group.- 4.3.1 Actinolite group.- 4.3.2 Green (‘common’) hornblende.- 4.3.3 Brown hornblende.- 4.3.4 Glaucophane and crossite.- 4.3.5 Arfvedsonite and riebeckite.- 4.4 Mica group.- 4.4.1 Muscovite.- 4.4.2 Phengite.- 4.4.3 Lithionite series.- 4.4.3.1 Lepidolite.- 4.4.3.2 Zinnwaldite.- 4.4.4 Biotite series.- 4.4.4.1 Phlogopite.- 4.4.4.2 Biotite s.s..- 4.4.5 Oxybiotite.- 4.4.6 Titanbiotite.- 4.5 Stilpnomelane.- 4.6 Glauconite and celadonite.- 4.7 Talc.- 4.8 Chlorite group.- 4.8.1 Orthochlorite.- 4.8.2 Leptochlorite.- 4.9 Serpentine group.- 4.9.1 Antigorite.- 4.9.2 Chrysotile.- 4.10 Feldspar family.- 4.10.1 Alkali feldspars.- 4.10.1.1 Sanidine.- 4.10.1.2 Orthoclase.- 4.10.1.3 Anorthoclase.- 4.10.1.4 Microcline.- 4.10.2 Plagioclase series.- 4.11 Zeolite family.- 4.11.1 Fibrous zeolites.- 4.11.1.1 Natrolite.- 4.11.1.2 Mesolite.- 4.11.1.3 Thomsonite.- 4.11.1.4 Scolecite.- 4.11.1.5 Mordenite.- 4.11.1.6 Laumontite.- 4.11.2 Flaky zeolites.- 4.11.2.1 Heulandite.- 4.11.2.2 Stilbite.- 4.11.2.3 Epistilbite.- 4.11.3 Cubic zeolites.- 4.11.3.1 Phillipsite.- 4.11.3.2 Harmotome.- 4.12 Aenigmatite (cossyrite).- 4.13 Sphene (titanite).- 4.14 Topaz.- 4.15 Cordierite.- 4.16 Al2SiO5 group.- 4.16.1 Andalusite.- 4.16.2 Sillimanite.- 4.16.3 Kyanite.- 4.17 Staurolite.- 4.18 Wollastonite.- 4.19 Chloritoid.- 4.20 Epidote zoisite group.- 4.20.1 Zoisite.- 4.20.2 Epidote.- 4.20.3 Clinozoisite.- 4.20.4 Orthite (allanite).- 4.21 Pumpellyite.- 4.22 Lawsonite.- 4.23 Anhydrite.- 4.24 Gypsum.- 4.25 Aragonite.- 4.26 Barite.- 4.27 Goethite.- 4.28 Prehnite.- C Appendices.- 1 Tables for the microscopic identification of rock-forming minerals.- 2 Diagrams for the classification of magmatic rocks.- 3 Diagrams of mineral and rock structures.

O autorze

Prof. Dr. Hans Pichler, ein auf Vulkanologie spezialisierter emeritierter Professor an der Universität Tübingen, begann seine akademische Laufbahn 1961 am damals neu gegründeten Internationalen Vulkan-Institut in Catania, wo er sich der Erforschung der italienische Vulkane widmete, über die er ein fünfbändiges Werk verfasst hat. Weitere Schwerpunkte seiner Tätigkeit waren der Thera-Vulkan auf Santorin, die Vulkane der Anden, vor allem in Ecuador und Kolumbien, sowie Vulkane auf den Philippinen und auf Java. Er kennt fast alle der beschriebenen Vulkangebiete aus eigener Anschauung.