Response to Marine Oil Pollution: Review and Assessment

ISBN-13: 9789048152049 / Angielski / Miękka / 2010 / 387 str.

Douglas Cormack

Opis

Response to Marine Oil Pollution - Review and Assessment is the essential source book, now updated, for all involved in marine oil pollution consequences and response. It covers policy, planning and operations, and provides technical assessment of the true nature of the problem, of the means to maximise the performance of current techniques and equipment, and of the bases for future improvements.
This book provides a fundamental understanding of the oil properties and processes which determine the persistence and impacts of oils in the marine environment. It establishes parameters against which to evaluate performance of all current techniques and equipment, and the environmental impacts of their use. It identifies design parameters, and makes proposals for the creation and development of more effective equipment and techniques.
The book also shows how a fresh approach to cargo transfer, and the scaling of spillage response provision to oil releases on immediate impact, will be more effective overall, and will ensure that approved waste handling and disposal facilities are not overwhelmed. The recent Sea Empress incident is reviewed to illustrate the points made and conclusions reached, and to emphasise the need for thorough salvage planning for all future incidents.

Spis treści

1: Setting the Scene. 1.1. Introduction. 1.2. The Influence of the Torrey Canyon Incident. 1.3. The International Maritime Organisation (IMO). 1.4. Warren Spring Laboratory (WSL). 1.5. The Marine Pollution Control Unit (MPCU). 1.6. The Current Situation Regarding Spillage Response. 1.7. The Exxon Valdez Incident. 1.8. The Sea Empress Incident. 1.9. The Current Position and Prospects for the Future. 1.10. Scope Of the Present Book.2: The Oil-Water System. 2.1. Introduction. 2.2. Droplet Migration Rates (Stokes' Law). 2.3. Droplet Coalescence. 2.4. Oil Tanker Operations. 2.5. General Ship Operations. 2.6. The IMO Test Specification for Oil-Water Separators. 2.7. The Performance of Separators on the IMO Test. 2.8. Port Reception Facilities and Special Area Status. 2.9. On-Line Oil-in-Water Monitoring. 2.10. Emulsions of Water-in-Oil. 2.11. Dispersion of Oil and Emulsion as Droplets. 2.12. Assessment and Conclusions. 3: Factors Affecting the Fate of Oil After Release at Sea. 3.1. Introduction. 3.2. Processes Which Affect Released Oil. 3.3. Combustion. 3.4. Physical Properties of Oils Relevant to the Above Processes. 3.5. Classification of Oils on the Basis of Physical Properties.3.6. Dispersion Rates Estimated on the Basis of the Physical Properties Classification. 3.7. The Advection-Diffusion Model of Dispersive Spreading of Oil Slicks. 3.8. The Use of Computerised Fate Models and Databases. 3.9. Assessment and Conclusions. 4: Environmental Impacts and Physical Consequences Relevant to Response Design. 4.1. Introduction. 4.2. The Marine Ecosystem. 4.3. Quantification of Inputs. 4.4. The Nature of the Effects. 4.5. Comparison of Biological and Economic Effects. 4.6. Observed Impacts at Past Oil Releases. 4.7. Strategy, Aims, and Objectives of Oil Spill Response. 4.8. Factors Relevant to the Development of Response Techniques and Equipment. 4.9. Assessment and Conclusions. 5: The Use of Dispersants. 5.1. Introduction. 5.2. Dispersant Approvals Scheme. 5.3. Means of Dispersant Application. 5.4. Choice of Aircraft for Dispersant Spraying Operations. 5.5. Viscosity Limits on Dispersant Effectiveness. 5.6. Further Investigation of Operational Dispersant Spraying. 5.7. Investigation of Demulsifier Action On Emulsified Slicks at Sea. 5.8. The Feasibility of Oil Slick Combustion as an Alternative to Dispersant Treatment. 5.9. The Need for More Efficient Dispersants and Demulsifiers. 5.10. Future Investigation of Dispersant Action. 5.11. Assessment and Conclusions. 6: Oil Recovery From Water Surfaces. 6.1. Introduction. 6.2. Criteria for Boom Design and Selection. 6.3. Elements of Boom Design. 6.4. Performance of Booms. 6.5. Modes of Deployment for Booms. 6.6. Other Possible Collection and Containment Systems. 6.7. Performance of Oil Skimmers. 6.8. Inshore Vessel Mounted Skimmer Systems. 6.9