Respiration and Crop Productivity

ISBN-13: 9781461596691 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 215 str.

Jeffrey S. Amthor

Opis

Respiration is a large and important component of the carbon economy of crops. There are already several good books dealing with the biochemistry and physiol ogy of plant respiration, but there are none I know of that are devoted to the rela tionship between respiration and crop productivity, although this relationship is more and more frequently being studied with both experiment and simulation. Crop physiology books do cover respiration, of course, but the treatment is limited. The purpose of the present book is to fill this void in the literature. The approach taken here is to use the popular two-component functional model whereby respiration is divided between growth and maintenance components. Mter thoroughly reviewing the literature, I came to the conclusion that at present this is the most useful means of considering respiration as a quantitative compo nent of a crop's carbon economy. This functional distinction is used as the frame work for describing respiration and assessing its role in crop productivity. Discussions and critiques of the biochemistry and physiology of respiration serve primarily as a means of more fully understanding and describing the functional approach to studying crop respiration. It is assumed that the reader of this book is familiar with the fundamentals of plant physiology and biochemistry. The research worker in crop physiology should find this an up-to-date summary of crop respiration and the functional model of respiration. This book is not, however, a simple review of existing data."

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 2 A Functional Model of Respiration.- Two-Component Model.- Compartmental Model.- Extensions of the Two-Component Model.- Translocation Costs.- Implications of the Functional Model.- 3 Biochemistry of Respiration.- Cytosolic Hexose Phosphate Pool.- Glycolysis.- Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway.- Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle.- Mitochondrial Electron Transport and Oxidative Phosphorylation.- Alternative Pathway.- Residual Respiration.- Futile Cycles.- Energetic Yield of Respiration.- Respiratory Quotient.- Quantitative Biochemistry.- 4 Physiology of Respiration.- Temperature.- Q10 of Respiration.- Tissue Nitrogen (Protein) Content.- Respiratory Substrate Levels.- Photosynthesis and Light Environment.- Root Respiration.- Growth Rate and Developmental Stage.- Germinating Seeds.- Leaves.- Roots, Stems, and Whole Plants.- Fruiting Bodies.- Effects of Light on Respiration in Photosynthetic Tissue.- Engagement of the Alternative Pathway.- Translocation and Respiration.- Nitrogen Assimilation.- Diurnal Patterns of Respiration.- Carbon Dioxide Concentration.- 5 Crop Growth and Maintenance Respiration.- Methods of Estimating Growth and Maintenance Respiration.- Regression Method.- Starvation Method.- Mature Tissue Method.- Theoretical Method.- Experimental Estimates of Growth and Maintenance Respiration.- Temperature.- Protein Content.- Growth Rate.- Ontogeny.- Comparison of the Experimental Methods.- Relative Importance of Growth and Maintenance Respiration.- Growth and Maintenance Respiration by Harvested Organs.- Comparison of the Two-Component and Compartmental Models.- Differences Between Shoots and Roots.- Respiration for Ion Uptake and Nitrogen Assimilation.- Application to Crop Growth Models.- Existing Models.- 6 Crop Respiration and Growth Efficiency.- Crop Respiration.- Root and Soil Respiration.- Crop Canopy Respiration.- Crop Respiration and Leaf Area Index.- Crop Growth Efficiency.- Measuring Growth Efficiency.- Estimates of Growth Efficiency.- Case Studies: Seed Crops.- Barley.- Maize.- Pea.- Rice.- Soybean.- Wheat.- Case Studies: Nonseed Crops.- Alfalfa (Lucerne).- Cotton.- Potato.- Ryegrass.- 7 Stress and Respiration.- General Principles.- Water Stress.- Salinity.- Ozone and Sulfur Dioxide.- Pests.- Disease.- Insects.- Nematodes.- Summary of Stress Effects on Respiration.- 8 Respiration and Yield.- Slow Respiration and Increased Productivity.- Maintenance Respiration.- Alternative Pathway Activity.- Rapid Respiration and Increased Productivity.- Methods of Improving Respiratory Efficiency.- 9 Summary.- Two-Component Model.- Biochemistry and Physiology.- Stress.- Implications for Improving Productivity.- Conclusions.- Appendix A Physical Constants and Variables.- Appendix B Expression of Respiration and Growth Rates.- Conversion of Growth and Maintenance Coefficients.- Appendix C List of Species.- Appendix D List of Enzymes.- References.