1. Introducing the political system of the European Union; 2. Research design: measuring controversy spatially; Part I. Inputs: 3. The European Union's political space; 4. The European Commission's policy positions; 5. The European Parliament's policy positions; 6. Member states' policy positions; Part II. Processes: 7. Transforming policy positions into decision outcomes; 8. The relative power of the institutions; 9. The relative power of the member states; Part III. Outputs: 10. Decision outcomes; 11. Delegation; 12. Evaluating and improving the European Union; Appendix: the selection of legislative proposals.