Reproduction

ISBN-13: 9781468448344 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 820 str.

Norman T. Adler; Donald Pfaff;Robert W. Goy

Opis

The subject of this book is reproduction-specifically, the interplay between reproductive physiology (especially neural and endocrine events) and behavior. In presenting this topic, there are two expository goals. The first is to study repro duction at all of the major levels of biological organization-from the molecular (e. g., hormone receptors in the brain), through the cellular (e. g., ovarian morphogene sis), systemic (e. g., operation of the hypothalamo-pituitary-ovarian axis), and the organismic levels of organization. Analogously, behavior is treated from the most molecular, elementary, and fundamental components (e. g., copulatory reflexes), through behavior in the reproductive dyad (e. g., analysis of female sexual behav ior), to complex social behavior (e. g., the interaction of social context and behav ioral sex differences). To the extent that these levels of biological and behavioral organization rep resent a "vertical axis" in behavioral neurobiology, a second goal is to treat the "horizontal axis" of biological organization, viz., time. There are, therefore, treat ments of evolutionary origins (e. g., a phylogenetic survey of psychosexual differ entiation), genetic origins in the individual (e. g., sexual organogenesis), ontoge netic development (e. g., behavioral sexual differentiation), and the immediate physiological precursors of behavior (e. g., hormonal and nonhormonal initiation of maternal behavior). In addition to tracing the origins of reproduction and reproductive behavior, one extends the time-line from the behavior to its physio logical consequences (e. g., neuroendocrine consequences of sexual behavior).

Spis treści

I Differentiaton and Organization of Reproductive Processes.- 1 Sexual Organogenesis.- Body Sex.- Role of the Fetal Testis.- Dual Nature of the Testicular Chemical Signals.- Testicular Androgens.- Müllerian Inhibitor (or Anti-Müllerian Hormone).- Estrogen Production by the Fetal Ovary.- Gonadal Sex.- Testicular Organogenesis.- Ovarian Morphogenesis.- Control of Gonadal Differentiation.- References.- 2 Gonadal Hormones during Sexual Differentiation in Vertebrates.- Steroid Hormone Production in Developing Birds and Amphibia.- Morphology of the Embryonic Chick Testes.- Biosynthetic Capacity of Chick Gonads for Steroid Production.- Effects of Sex Steroids on Amphibian Development.- Steroid Production of Endocrine Tissues of Developing Amphibia.- Steroid Hormones in Developing Rodents.- Morphological Considerations.- Steroid Hormone Production by Fetal and Neonatal Gonads of Short-Gestation Rodents.- Steroid Hormone Production by Fetal Gonads in Long-Gestation Rodents.- Trophic Control of the Fetal Gonads in Rodents.- Functional Considerations of Fetal Rabbit Gonads.- Fetal Hormones of Domestic Animals.- Production of Steroid Hormones in Primate Fetuses.- Differentiation of the Fetal Testes.- Capacity of the Fetal Testes for Steroid Biosynthesis.- Androgens in the Systemic Circulation of Primate Fetuses.- Other Hormones and Sexual Differentiation.- Summary.- References.- 3 Nonmammalian Psychosexual Differentiation.- Psychosexual Differentiation in the Domestic Chicken (Gallus gallus).- Sex Differences and the Reproductive Behavior of Chickens.- Effects of Hormonal Manipulations before Hatching on the Behavior of Chickens.- Neurobiological Mechanisms of Psychosexual Differentiation in Domestic Fowl.- Psychosexual Differentiation in Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica).- Sex Differences and the Reproductive Behavior of Quail.- Effects of Hormone Manipulations before Hatching on Reproductive Behavior.- Psychosexual Differentiation in Zebra Finches (Poephila guttata).- Sex Differences and the Reproductive Behavior of Zebra Finches.- Effect of Early Hormone Manipulations on Zebra Finches.- Psychosexual Differentiation in Other Avian Species.- Psychosexual Differentiation in Reptiles.- Psychosexual Differentiation in Amphibians.- Psychosexual Differentiation in Teleost Fish.- Hermaphroditism in Teleost Fish.- Hormonal Mechanisms of Spontaneous Sex Reversal.- Questions and Theoretical Issues.- Are Paradoxical Effects of Early Hormone Treatments due to Conversion of Androgen to Estrogen?.- Are Early Hormones Responsible for the Differentiation of Ovulation Control Mechanisms?.- Does Any Behavior Not Directly Related to Reproduction Also Differentiate under the Influence of Early Hormones in Nonmammalian Species?.- How Useful Is the Organization/Activation Model for Understanding Nonmammalian Psychosexual Differentiation?.- Is the Empirically Determined Pattern of Hormone Secretion of Embryos or Young Consistent with Conclusions Derived from the Behavioral Data?.- Do Sex Chromosomes or Genes Have a Direct (Nonhormonally Mediated) Role in Psychosexual Differentiation?.- Are Patterns of Psychosexual Differentiation Correlated with Morphological Differentiation or with Sex Chromosome Type in the Different Vertebrate Classes?.- Overview.- Conclusions.- References.- 4 Sexual Behavior Differentiation: Effects of Prenatal Manipulations in Rats.- Sexual Differentiation Theory.- Aromatization Hypothesis.- Critical Period: Postnatal or Pre-Plus Postnatal.- Postnatal Effects.- Strategies for Manipulating Androgenic Hormone Levels in Fetuses.- Additive Effects of Pre-Plus Postnatal Manipulations.- Exchange of Androgen among Fetuses.- Effects of Prenatal Stress on Sexual Differentiation.- Behavioral Syndrome.- Alterations in Plasma Testosterone Levels and Testicular Enzyme Activity.- No Persisting Modification of Morphology.- Therapy for Prenatally Stressed Males.- Prenatal Testosterone Synthesis Inhibition by Opiates.- Prenatal Opioid Syndrome.- Effects on Fetal Plasma Testosterone and Testicular Enzyme Activity.- Possible Role of Endogenous Opiate Release in Mediating the Prenatal Stress Syndrome.- Conclusions.- References.- II Hormonal Activation of Behavior.- 5 Reproductive Physiology and Behavior Interactions in Nonmammalian Vertebrates.- Teleost Fishes.- The Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis.- Hormone—Behavior Interactions in Teleost Fish.- Amphibians.- The Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis.- Physiological Factors Controlling Amphibian Reproductive Behavior.- Reptiles.- The Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis.- Endocrine and Neural Control of Reptilian Reproductive Behavior.- Birds.- The Hypothalamo-Pituitary-Gonadal Axis.- Endocrine and Neural Control of Avian Reproductive Behavior.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6 The Role of Gonadal Hormones in the Activation of Feminine Sexual Behavior.- Historical Concepts of Feminine Sexual Behavior.- Structure and Biosynthesis of Gonadal Steroids.- Structure of Gonadal Steroids.- Biosynthesis of Gonadal Steroids.- Steroid Structure and Estrus Induction.- Estrous Cyclicity and Hormone Levels in Intact Females.- Spontaneous Ovulation.- Induced Ovulation (Reflex Ovulation).- Analysis of Feminine Sexual Behavior.- Attractivity.- Proceptivity.- Receptivity.- Conclusions.- References.- 7 Maternal Behavior among the Nonprimate Mammals.- Evolution of Modes of Reproduction among the Mammals.- Patterns of Maternal Care.- Onset of Maternal Behavior during Pregnancy and Near Term.- Behavioral Changes during Pregnancy and Near Term.- Hormonal Basis of the Onset of Maternal Behavior.- Endocrine Control of Pregnancy and Parturition.- Endocrine Stimulation of Maternal Behavior.- Analytical Studies of the Hormonal Basis of Maternal Behavior.- Postpartum Regulation of Maternal Behavior: Behavioral Synchrony between Mother and Young.- Mother’s Dependence on the Young to Maintain Her Maternal Responsiveness.- Nonhormonal Basis of Postpartum Maternal Behavior.- Mother—Young Interaction.- Parturition: The Transition Phase.- Lactation and Maternal Behavior.- Weaning.- Summary.- References.- 8 Peripheral Plasma Levels of Gonadal Steroids in Adult Male and Adult, Nonpregnant Female Mammals.- Androgens in the Systemic Circulation of Adult Male Mammals.- Insectivora and Chiroptera.- Nonhuman Primates.- Humans.- Lagomorpha.- Rodentia.- Cetacea.- Carnivora.- Proboscidea and Hyracoidea.- Perissodactyla.- Artiodactyla.- Estrogens and Progestins in Adult, Nonpregnant Female Mammals.- Insectivora and Chiroptera.- Nonhuman Primates.- Humans.- Lagomorpha.- Rodentia.- Cetacea.- Carnivora.- Proboscidea.- Perissodactyla.- Artiodactyla.- Plasma Steroid Data: Uses and Limitations.- Biochemical Factors That Complicate Interpretation of Plasma Steroid Data.- Physiological Factors That Complicate Interpretation of Plasma Steroid Data.- Environmental and Psychological Factors That Complicate Interpretation of Plasma Steroid Data.- Concluding Remarks.- References.- III Neurological Bases of Mammalian Reproductive Behavior.- 9 Neurological Bases of Male Sexual Behavior: A Comparative Analysis.- Sensory Mechanisms.- Main and Accessory Olfactory System.- Genital Sensory Mechanisms.- Genital Effector Mechanisms.- Penile Erection.- Ejaculation.- Spinal Reflexes.- General Comments.- Sexual Reflexes of Male Dogs.- Sexual Reflexes of Male Rats.- Brain Mechanisms.- Approaches and Problems.- Cerebral Cortex.- Limbic System.- Medial Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamic Continuum.- Pathways Associated with the Output of the Medial Preoptic-Anterior Hypothalamic System.- Rostral Midbrain Area.- Neural Involvement in Heterotypical Behavior.- Concluding Comment.- References.- 10 Neural Mechanisms of Female Reproductive Behavior.- Approaches to the Neural Mechanisms of Behavior.- Hormones and Reproductive Behavior.- The New Reflexology.- Organization of the Chapter.- Mechanisms of Hormonal Control.- Hormones Involved.- Binding of Sex Hormones in the Brain.- Behavioral and Physiological Effects of Estrogen in Brain Regions Where It Is Bound.- Result of Decreased Estrogen Binding.- Summary.- Sensory Control of the Lordosis Reflex.- Definition of Stimuli That Evoke Lordosis in Female Rats.- Peripheral and Central Sensory Pathways for Lordosis.- Motor Components of Lordosis.- Description of the Response.- Muscles.- Motoneurons.- Descending Pathways Controlling Lordosis.- Hypothalamic Mechanisms.- Brainstem Modules.- Pathways from Brainstem to Spinal Cord.- Working Models of Female Reproductive Behavior Mechanisms.- Reflex Nature of Lordosis Behavior.- Neural Circuitry and Dynamics Underlying Hormone Effects and Lordosis Mechanisms.- References.- 11 Neuropharmacology, Neurotransmitters, and Sexual Behavior in Mammals.- Neuronal Interaction.- Chemical Transmission.- Neuropsychopharmacology.- Neuropsychopharmacology of Sexual Behavior in the Female.- Methods.- Monoamines and Copulatory Behavior in the Female.- Acetylcholine and Copulatory Behavior.- Monoamines and Noncopulatory Sexual Responses.- Neuropsychopharmacology of Sexual Behavior in the Male.- Methods.- Monoamines and Copulatory Behavior in the Male.- Acetylcholine and Copulatory Behavior in the Male.- Monoamines and Noncopulatory Sexual Responses.- Neuropsychopharmacology of Heterotypical Copulatory Behavior.- Neuropeptides, Monoamines, and Sexual Responses.- Neuroanatomical Approaches to the Study of Monoamines in Sexual Behavior.- Effects of Lesions to 5-HT Neurons Using 5, 7-Dihydroxytryptamine.- Effects of Lesions to NA Neurons Using 6-Hydroxydopamine.- Effects of Lesions to DA Neurons Using 6-Hydroxydopamine.- Summary and Conclusions.- References.- 12 Brain Mechanisms and Parental Behavior.- Sensory Mechanisms.- The Development of the Concept of Multisensory Control.- Olfactory Input and the Role of the Olfactory Bulb.- The Role of Afferent Feedback from the Mammary Gland and Nipples.- Additional Afferent Input.- Comments and Conclusions.- Neocortical Mechanisms.- Experimental Findings.- Comments.- Limbic Mechanisms.- Cingulate Cortex.- Hippocampus.- Amygdala.- Septum.- Conclusions.- Hypothalamic Mechanisms.- The Lateral Hypothalamus.- The Medial Preoptic Area and Maternal Behavior in the Rat.- Comparisons between the Neurohormonal Mechanisms Underlying Female Maternal Behavior with Those Underlying Male Sexual Behavior and Female Sexual Behavior in the Rat.- Neurochemical Correlates of Maternal Behavior.- A Neurobehavioral Model.- References.- IV Biochemical Models of Hormonal Action.- 13 The Role of Metabolism in Hormonal Control of Sexual Behavior.- The Prohormone Concept.- Male Sexual Behavior.- Circulating Androgens and Estrogens in Males.- Hypothesis: T Mediates Male Sexual Behavior via Metabolism to A.- Hypothesis: T Mediates Male Sexual Behavior via Metabolism to DHT.- Hypothesis: T Mediates Male Sexual Behavior via Metabolism to Other Androgens.- Hypothesis: T Mediates Male Sexual Behavior via Metabolism to Estrogen.- Hypothesis: T Mediates Male Sexual Behavior via Metabolism to Estrogen plus DHT.- Female Sexual Behavior.- Secretion Products of the Ovaries: Estrogens.- Secretion Products of the Ovaries: Progestins.- Progestin Metabolism.- Inhibitory Effects of Progestins.- Sexual Differentiation.- The Role of 5?-Reduction.- The Role of Other Androgens.- The Role of Aromatization.- Conclusions.- References.- 14 Steroid Hormone Receptors in Brain and Pituitary: Topography and Possible Functions.- Cellular Mechanism of Steroid Hormone Action.- Visualization of Genomic Effects of a Steroid Hormone.- Cellular Uptake and Retention of Radioactive Steroid Hormones.- Cell Nuclear Retention of Radioactive Steroid Hormones.- The Search for Cell Nuclear Acceptor Sites.- Effects of Steroid Hormones on Gene Transcription.- Critera for “Receptors”.- Properties and Topography of Putative Steroid Receptors in Brain.- Estradiol.- Testosterone.- Progestins.- Glucocorticoids.- Mineralocorticoids.- Neurochemical Consequences of Steroid Interactions with Putative Neural Receptors as Illustrated for Estradiol.- Temporal Relationships of Receptor Occupation to Physiological Effects.- Alterations of RNA Formation.- Changes in Protein Formation.- Estrogen Effects on Pituitary Sensitivity to LHRH.- Hypothalamic Peptidases.- Oxidative Metabolism.- Catecholamines and Serotonin.- Acetylcholine.- Enzymes as Neurochemical Markers for Estrogen Receptor Function.- Summary and Prospectus: A Model for Steroid Hormone Action on Neuronal Functioning.- References.- V Social and Experiential Influences on Reproduction.- 15 Neuroendocrine Consequences of Sexual Behavior.- Hormone—Behavior Interactions.- Patterns of Neuroendocrine Control: Ovulation and Luteal Function.- Behavioral Effects on Ovulation.- Reflexive Ovulation.- Spontaneous Ovulation.- Behavioral Induction of Progestational Hormone Secretion.- Components of Mating.- Receptors and Afferent Pathways.- Pituitary Involvement.- Storage of the Copulatory Stimulus.- CNS Mediation.- Summary.- References.- 16 On Measuring Behavioral Sex Differences in Social Contexts.- Objections to Behavioral-Sex-Differences Research in Animals.- The Generalization Problem.- The “Assumed Biological Mediation” Problem.- Behavioral Endocrinology and Sex Differences Research.- Measuring Behavioral Sex Differences.- Definition of Behavioral Sex Differences.- Dimorphic Behavior Assessed Individually.- Dimorphic Behavior Assessed in Dyads.- Dimorphic Behavior Assessed in Groups.- Conclusion.- References.