Reliability and Statistics in Geotechnical Engineering

ISBN-13: 9780471498339 / Angielski / Twarda / 2003 / 616 str.

Gregory Baecher; John Christian

Opis

Risk and reliability analysis is an area of growing importance in geotechnical engineering, where many variables have to be considered. Statistics, reliability modeling and engineering judgement are employed together to develop risk and decision analyses for civil engineering systems. The resulting engineering models are used to make probabilistic predictions, which are applied to geotechnical problems.

Reliability & Statistics in Geotechnical Engineering comprehensively covers the subject of risk and reliability in both practical and research terms
* Includes extensive use of case studies
* Presents topics not covered elsewhere--spatial variability and stochastic properties of geological materials
* No comparable texts available

Practicing engineers will find this an essential resource as will graduates in geotechnical engineering programmes.

Spis treści

Preface.

Part I.

1 Introduction uncertainty and risk in geotechnical engineering.

1.1 Offshore platforms.

1.2 Pit mine slopes.

1.3 Balancing risk and reliability in a geotechnical design.

1.4 Historical development of reliability methods in civil engineering.

1.5 Some terminological and philosophical issues.

1.6 The organization of this book.

1.7 A comment on notation and nomenclature.

2 Uncertainty.

2.1 Randomness, uncertainty, and the world.

2.2 Modeling uncertainties in risk and reliability analysis.

2.3 Probability.

3 Probability.

3.1 Histograms and frequency diagrams.

3.2 Summary statistics.

3.3 Probability theory.

3.4 Random variables.

3.5 Random process models.

3.6 Fitting mathematical pdf models to data.

3.7 Covariance among variables.

4 Inference.

4.1 Frequentist theory.

4.2 Bayesian theory.

4.3 Prior probabilities.

4.4 Inferences from sampling.

4.5 Regression analysis.

4.6 Hypothesis tests.

4.7 Choice among models.

5 Risk, decisions and judgment.

5.1 Risk.

5.2 Optimizing decisions.

5.3 Non–optimizing decisions.

5.4 Engineering judgment.

Part II.

6 Site characterization.

6.1 Developments in site characterization.

6.2 Analytical approaches to site characterization.

6.3 Modeling site characterization activities.

6.4 Some pitfalls of intuitive data evaluation.

6.5 Organization of Part II.

7 Classification and mapping.

7.1 Mapping discrete variables.

7.2 Classification.

7.3 Discriminant analysis.

7.4 Mapping.

7.5 Carrying out a discriminant or logistic analysis.

8 Soil variability.

8.1 Soil properties.

8.2 Index tests and classification of soils.

8.3 Consolidation properties.

8.4 Permeability.

8.5 Strength properties.

8.6 Distributional properties.

8.7 Measurement error.

9 Spatial variability within homogeneous deposits.

9.1 Trends and variations about trends.

9.2 Residual variations.

9.3 Estimating autocorrelation and autocovariance.

9.4 Variograms and geostatistics.

Appendix: algorithm for maximizing log–likelihood of autocovariance.

10 Random field theory.

10.1 Stationary processes.

10.2 Mathematical properties of autocovariance functions.

10.3 Multivariate (vector) random fields.

10.4 Gaussian random fields.

10.5 Functions of random fields.

11 Spatial sampling.

11.1 Concepts of sampling.

11.2 Common spatial sampling plans.

11.3 Interpolating random fields.

11.4 Sampling for autocorrelation.

12 Search theory.

12.1 Brief history of search theory.

12.2 Logic of a search process.

12.3 Single stage search.

12.4 Grid search.

12.5 Inferring target characteristics.

12.6 Optimal search.

12.7 Sequential search.

Part III.

13 Reliability analysis and error propagation.

13.1 Loads, resistances and reliability.

13.2 Results for different distributions of the performance function.

13.3 Steps and approximations in reliability analysis.

13.4 Error propagation statistical moments of the performance function.

13.5 Solution techniques for practical cases.

13.6 A simple conceptual model of practical significance.

14 First order second moment (FOSM) methods.

14.1 The James Bay dikes.

14.2 Uncertainty in geotechnical parameters.

14.3 FOSM calculations.

14.4 Extrapolations and consequences.

14.5 Conclusions from the James Bay study.

14.6 Final comments.

15 Point estimate methods.

15.1 Mathematical background.

15.2 Rosenblueth s cases and notation.

15.3 Numerical results for simple cases.

15.4 Relation to orthogonal polynomial quadrature.

15.5 Relation with Gauss points in the finite element method.

15.6 Limitations of orthogonal polynomial quadrature.

15.7 Accuracy, or when to use the point–estimate method.

15.8 The problem of the number of computation points.

15.9 Final comments and conclusions.

16 The Hasofer Lind approach (FORM).

16.1 Justification for improvement vertical cut in cohesive soil.

16.2 The Hasofer Lind formulation.

16.3 Linear or non–linear failure criteria and uncorrelated variables.

16.4 Higher order reliability.

16.5 Correlated variables.

16.6 Non–normal variables.

17 Monte Carlo simulation methods.

17.1 Basic considerations.

17.2 Computer programming considerations.

17.3 Simulation of random processes.

17.4 Variance reduction methods.

17.5 Summary.

18 Load and resistance factor design.

18.1 Limit state design and code development.

18.2 Load and resistance factor design.

18.3 Foundation design based on LRFD.

18.4 Concluding remarks.

19 Stochastic finite elements.

19.1 Elementary finite element issues.

19.2 Correlated properties.

19.3 Explicit formulation.

19.4 Monte Carlo study of differential settlement.

19.5 Summary and conclusions.

Part IV.

20 Event tree analysis.

20.1 Systems failure.

20.2 Influence diagrams.

20.3 Constructing event trees.

20.4 Branch probabilities.

20.5 Levee example revisited.

21 Expert opinion.

21.1 Expert opinion in geotechnical practice.

21.2 How do people estimate subjective probabilities?

21.3 How well do people estimate subjective probabilities?

21.4 Can people learn to be well–calibrated?

21.5 Protocol for assessing subjective probabilities.

21.6 Conducting a process to elicit quantified judgment.

21.7 Practical suggestions and techniques.

21.8 Summary.

22 System reliability assessment.

22.1 Concepts of system reliability.

22.2 Dependencies among component failures.

22.3 Event tree representations.

22.4 Fault tree representations.

22.5 Simulation approach to system reliability.

22.6 Combined approaches.

22.7 Summary.

Appendix A: A primer on probability theory.

A.1 Notation and axioms.

A.2 Elementary results.

A.3 Total probability and Bayes theorem.

A.4 Discrete distributions.

A.5 Continuous distributions.

A.6 Multiple variables.

A.7 Functions of random variables.

References.

Index.

Blurb

Probabilistic reasoning, statistical methods, and measures of engineering judgment are combined to develop a quantified approach for analyzing and managing risks in civil engineering systems and the applied earth sciences. The resulting risk analysis approach described in this book reflects an emerging trend in geotechnical engineering, natural hazards mitigation, infrastructure protection, and other civil engineering fields to directly and quantitatively deal with uncertainty. Reliability and Statistics in Geotechnical Engineering offers a much needed state–of–the–art reference for risk analysis in geotechnical engineering and geology.

Integrating theory and practical applications, this book:

• Discusses the nature and philosophy of uncertainty in geological and geotechnical engineering.
• Addresses fundamentals and limits of probabilistic and statistical methods in the geological and geotechnical context.
• Develops statistical approaches to site characaterization decisions and for analyzing field and laboratory data.
• Explains traditional and emerging risk analysis methodologies and provides guidance for their use.
• Presents many applications of statistics, reliability, and risk techniques to practical problems.

Emphasizing both theoretical underpinnings and practical applications, this comprehensive text constitutes an invaluable reference for practising geotechnical engineers, geologists, university students, and civil engineers in general practice.