Relativistic Cosmology: An Introduction

ISBN-13: 9783540101383 / Angielski / Miękka / 1980 / 170 str.

J. Heidmann; S. Mitton; J. Mitton

Opis

Since the first French edition of the book emphasized rather the solid facts of Cosmology than the detailed discussions of controversial results, relatively few revisions were necessary for the English edition. They were made early in 1979 and affected about 5% of the text. The main revisions referred to the distance scale, the dlstribution of galaxies, the X-ray observations of clusters, the cosmic time evolution of quasars and radiogalaxies and the 3 K radiation. A new short bibliography presents the recent articles and the latest proceedings of Symposia; from these the reader can easily trace a more complete list of refer ences. I am happy to thank Professor Beiglbock for suggestions he made to improve Part lIon Spaces of Constant Curvature, and Drs. S. and J. Mitton for translating the manuscript into English. I also thank with pleasure Marie-Ange Sevin for correcting the final version. J. Heidmann March 1980, Meudon, France Preface The aim of this book is to present the fundamentals of cosmology. Its subject is the study of the universe on a grand scale: - on a grand distance scale, since from the start, we shall be escaping the con fines of our own Galaxy to explore space as far as the limits of the observable universe, some ten thousand million light years away; - and on a grand time scale, as we shall look back into the past to the very first moments of the initial expansion, about twelve thousand million years ago."

Spis treści

I: The Metagalaxy out to a Distance of One Gigaparsec.- 1. Distance Scale.- 1.1 Cepheids.- 1.2 H II Regions.- 1.3 Luminosity Classes.- 1.4 The Diameter — Luminosity Relation.- 1.5 Groups of Galaxies.- 2. The Distribution of Galaxies in Space.- 2.1 The Local Group.- 2.2 The Nearby Groups.- 2.3 The Virgo Cluster.- 2.4 The Coma Cluster.- 2.5 Rich Clusters.- 2.6 Superclusters.- 2.7 Gradients.- 3. The Expansion of the Universe.- 3.1 The Nature of the Expansion.- 3.2 The Value of the Hubble Constant.- 4. Nearby Intergalactic Matter.- 4.1 Optical Observations.- 4.2 21-cm Radio Observations.- 4.3 X-Ray Observations.- 5. The Density of the Universe.- 5.1 The Contribution of Galaxies.- 5.2 The Contribution of Intergalactic Material.- 5.3 Other Contributions.- 5.4 The Density of the Universe.- 6. The Age of the Universe.- II: Spaces with Constant Curvature.- 7. Locally Euclidean Spaces.- 7.1 Natural Frame.- 7.2 The Riemann-Christoffel Tensor.- 7.3 Locally Euclidean Space.- 7.4 Development.- 7.5 Holonomy Groups.- 7.6 Fundamental Polyhedron.- 7.7 Representing Locally Euclidean Space in Euclidean Space.- 7.8 The Various Types of Locally Euclidean Space.- 8. Locally Non-Euclidean Spaces.- 8.1 First Order Representation.- 8.2 Second Order Representation.- 8.3 Development Along a Curve.- 8.4 Geodesic Surfaces.- 8.5 The Riemann-Christoffel Tensor.- 8.6 Riemannian Curvature.- 8.7 General Properties of Locally Non-Euclidean Spaces.- 8.8 The Various Types of Locally Non-Euclidean Spaces.- 9. Spherical and Hyperbolic Spaces.- 9.1 Geodesic Representation.- 9.2 Central Representation.- 9.3 Other Representations.- 9.4 Appendix.- III: Model Universes.- 10. Uniform Relativistic Model Universes.- 10.1 The Equations of General Relativity.- 10.2 Dingle’s Equations.- 10.3 Cosmological Solution.- 10.4 The Robertson-Walker Metric.- 10.5 The Friedmann Universes.- 10.6 Radiation-Filied Universes.- 11. Theory of Observations in the Relativistic Zone.- 11.1 Motion of Photons.- 11.2 Spectral Ratio.- 11.3 Travel Time of Photons.- 11.4 Age of the Universe.- 11.5 Diameter.- 11.6 Luminosity.- 11.7 Brightness.- 11.8 Number of Observable Objects.- 11.9 Other Parameters.- 12. The Cosmological Constant.- 12.1 The (q, ?) Diagram.- 12.2 Evolution of the Universe.- 12.3 Age of the Universe.- 12.4 The Hubble Diagram.- 13. Cosmological Horizons.- 13.1 Particle Horizon.- 13.2 The Event Horizon.- 13.3 The Absolute Horizon.- 13.4 The Determination of Horizons.- IV: The Metagalaxy in the Relativistic Zone.- 14. The Hubble Diagram for Galaxies.- 15. Distant Intergalactic Material.- 15.1 Neutral Hydrogen.- 15.2 Ionized Hydrogen.- 16. Radio Galaxies and Quasars.- 16.1 Basic Data.- 16.2 Number Counts.- 16.3 Distribution and Luminosity Function.- 16.4 Isotropy of Extragalactic Radio Sources.- 16.5 Test of Closure.- 17. The Cosmic Microwave Background.- 17.1 Description of the Cosmic Background.- 17.2 Cosmological Interpretation.- Numerical Constants.