Part I. Reindeer pastoralism as social-ecological system 1. Reindeer pastoralism in Fennoscandia 2. Genetic structure and origin of semi-domesticated reindeer Part II. Reindeer in their environment 3. Reindeer behavioural ecology and use of pastures in pastoral livelihoods 4. Pastures under pressure – effects of other land users and the environment 5. Reindeer husbandry and climate change – challenges for adaptation 6. Large predators and their impact on reindeer husbandry Part III. Governance of reindeer pastoralism 7. Implications of norms and knowledge in customary reindeer herding units for resource governance 8. Unpacking reindeer husbandry governance in Sweden, Norway and Finland – a political discursive perspective 9. Governing maximum reindeer numbers in Fennoscandia Part IV. Challenges for productivity, health and adaption of reindeer 10. The productive herd – past, present and perspectives 11. Bioeconomics of reindeer husbandry in Fennoscandia 12. Role of supplementary feeding in reindeer husbandry 13. Health and diseases of semi-domesticated reindeer in a climate change perspective Part V. Prospects and synthesis 14. Tipping points and regime shifts in reindeer husbandry – a systems approach 15. Pathways for action: the need for Sámi self-determination 16. Final reflections