Regional Acidification Models: Geographic Extent and Time Development

ISBN-13: 9783642839962 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 306 str.

Juha K. M. Ri; David F. Brakke; Alan Jenkins

Opis

In order to provide meaningful information for evaluating environmental consequences of alternative control strategies of air pollutant emissions, scientists have recently initiated numerous studies aiming at collecting and making use of regional data. New kinds of mathematical models have been developed that no longer are calibrated just for individual stands or catchments but can be applied on a large regional scale. Such regional models and data were reviewed at a meeting" Models to describe the geographic extent and time evolution of acidification and air pollution damage," organized by the Finnjsh Research Project on Acidification (HAPRO), and held in Aulanko, Hiimeenlinna, Finland, July 5-8, 1988. This volume is based on the outcome of that meeting. The chapters of the volume are written by leading scientists in the field. The main objective of this volume is to discuss the potential of regional models to analyze the geographic extent of acidification as well as the environmental damage and the time evolution of: the responses of the environment. First, in Part I of the volume, sensitivity distributions of ecosystems, forest soils and surface waters are described. The focus of interest is therefore extended from the most sensitive ecosystems to sensitive and moderately sensitive parts of the environment. When formulating national and interna tional targets, it is of crucial importance to know the whole distribution of critical loads within the area, and not only the level the most sensitive ecosystem can tolerate."

Spis treści

I Sensitivity Distributions.- 1 The Relative Sensitivity of Ecosystems in Europe to the Indirect Effects of Acidic Depositions.- 2 Acid-Induced Aluminum Mobilization in Finish Mineral Soils.- 3 Sensitivity Distributions of Finnish Lakes.- 4 The Importance of Organic Acidity in Finnish Lakes.- 5 Uncertainties in Using Empirical, Steady-State Models to Estimate Critical Loads of Strong Acids to Lakes.- 6 Sensitivity, Load and Time: Aspects of Determining a Target Load for Lake Regions.- II Time Evolution of Regional Impacts.- 7 Effects of Air Impurities on Forest Growth and Tree Mortality: Results Based on a Computer Model.- 8 Watershed Acidification — A Chromatographic Process.- 9 Atmospheric Deposition of Sulfur, Nitrogen and Basic Cations onto European Forests: Observations and Model Calculations.- 10 The Long-Term Impact of Acid Deposition on the Aluminum Chemistry of an Acid Forest Soil.- 11 Modeling Time Patterns of Forest Soil Acidification for Various Deposition Scenarios.- 12 Estimating Time Delays and Extent of Regional De-Acidification in Southern Norway in Response to Several Deposition Scenarios.- 13 Temporal Patterns of Ecological Change During the Acidification and Recovery of Streams Throughout Wales According to a Hydrochemical Model.- 14 Regional Distributions of Lake Chemistry Predicted by Mechanistic and Empirical Lake Acidification Models.- 15 The Finnish Integrated Acidification Model.- 16 A Knowledge-Based Approach to Regional Acidification Modelling: A Case Study of New Brunswick, Canada.- III Uncertainty in Model Applications.- 17 Model of Ion Dynamics and Acidification of Soil: Application to Historical Soil Chemistry Data from Sweden.- 18 Application of Two Soil Acidification Models to Historical Soil Chemistry Data from Sweden.- 19 Modelling Surface Water Acidification Using One and Two Soil Layers and Simple Flow Routing.- 20 Broad Scale Effects of Sulfur Deposition: A Response Surface Analysis of a Complex Model.- 21 Estimating Uncertainty in Long-Term Reconstructions.- 22 Models to Describe the Geographic Extent and Time Evolution of Acidification and Air Pollution Damage.