1. Introduction; 2. Literature review; 3. A theory of elite's policy responses to revolutionary threats; 4. Case study: revolutionary fear and elite responses in Norway, 1915–1924; 5. Measuring social policies and revolutionary threat across countries (2000 words); 6. Statistical analysis; 7. Mechanism of persistence: comintern, the formation of communist parties and the long-term effects of the Bolshevik revolution; 8. Conclusion; References.