Reconstructing Earth's Climate History: Inquiry-Based Exercises for Lab and Class

ISBN-13: 9781119544111 / Angielski / Miękka / 2021 / 560 str.

Kristen St John

Spis treści

The Authors viiiForeword from First Edition xAcknowledgments xiBook Introduction to the Second Edition for Students and Instructors xiiAbout the Companion Website xvii1 Chapter 1. Introduction to Paleoclimate Records3 Part 1.1. Archives and Proxies13 Part 1.2. Obtaining Cores from Terrestrial and Marine Paleoclimate Archives27 Part 1.3. Owens Lake - An Introductory Case Study of Paleoclimate Reconstruction31 Chapter 2. Seafloor Sediments33 Part 2.1. Sediment Predictions34 Part 2.2. Core Observation and Description41 Part 2.3. Sediment Composition52 Part 2.4. Seafloor Sediment Synthesis57 Chapter 3. Geologic Time and Geochronology59 Part 3.1. The Geologic Timescale62 Part 3.2. Principles of Stratigraphy and Determining Relative Ages64 Part 3.3. Radiometric Age Dating Fundamentals69 Part 3.4. Using 40K - 40Ar Dating to Determine the Numerical Ages of Layered Volcanic Rocks76 Part 3.5. Using Uranium Series Dating to Determine Changes in Growth Rate of Speleothems89 Chapter 4. Paleomagnetism and Magnetostratigraphy91 Part 4.1. Earth's Magnetic Field Today and the Paleomagnetic Record of Deep-Sea Sediments100 Part 4.2. History of Discovery: Paleomagnetism in Ocean Crust and Marine Sediments108 Part 4.3. Using Paleomagnetism to Test the Seafloor Spreading Hypothesis114 Part 4.4. The Geomagnetic Polarity Timescale119 Chapter 5. Microfossils and Biostratigraphy121 Part 5.1. What Are Microfossils? Why Are They Important in Climate Change Science?130 Part 5.2. Microfossils in Deep-Sea Sediments137 Part 5.3. Application of Microfossil First and Last Occurrences144 Part 5.4. Using Microfossil Datums to Calculate Sedimentation Rates149 Part 5.5. How Reliable Are Microfossil Datums?156 Part 5.6. Organic-Walled Microfossils: Marine Dinoflagellates and Terrestrial Pollen and Spores165 Chapter 6. CO2 as a Climate Regulator During the Phanerozoic and Today167 Part 6.1. The Short-Term Global Carbon Cycle169 Part 6.2. CO2 and Temperature179 Part 6.3. Recent Changes in CO2183 Part 6.4. The Long-Term Global Carbon Cycle, CO2, and Phanerozoic Climate History191 Part 6.5. Carbon Isotopes as a Tool for Tracking Changes in the Carbon Cycle200 Chapter 7. Oxygen Isotopes as Proxies of Climate Change202 Part 7.1. Introduction to Oxygen Isotope Records from Ice and Ocean Sediments205 Part 7.2. The Hydrologic Cycle and Isotopic Fractionation209 Part 7.3. delta18O in Meteoric Water and Glacial Ice218 Part 7.4. delta18O in Marine Sediments226 Chapter 8. Climate Cycles228 Part 8.1. Patterns and Periodicities245 Part 8.2. Orbital Metronome250 Part 8.3. Glacial-Interglacial Periods and Modern Climate Change255 Chapter 9. The Paleocene-Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM) Event257 Part 9.1. An Important Discovery260 Part 9.2. Global Consequences of the PETM296 Part 9.3. Two Hypotheses for the Cause of the PETM299 Part 9.4. Rates of Onset and Duration of Event306 Part 9.5. Global Warming Today and Lessons from the PETM314 Chapter 10. Glaciation of Antarctica: The Oi1 Event316 Part 10.1. Initial Evidence321 Part 10.2. Evidence for Global Change342 Part 10.3. Mountain Building, Weathering, CO2 and Climate349 Part 10.4. Legacy of the Oi1 Event: The Development of the Psychrosphere355 Chapter 11. Antarctic Climate Variability in the Neogene358 Part 11.1. What Do We Think We Know About the History of Antarctic Climate?362 Part 11.2. What is Antarctica's Geographic and Geologic Context?375 Part 11.3. Selecting Drillsites to Best Answer our Questions379 Part 11.4. What Sediment Facies are Common on the Antarctic Margin?390 Part 11.5. The BIG Picture of ANDRILL 1-B398 Chapter 12. Pliocene Warmth as an Analog for Our Future400 Part 12.1. The Last 5 Million Years407 Part 12.2. Pliocene Latitudinal Temperature Gradient414 Part 12.3. Estimates of Pliocene CO2416 Part 12.4. Sea Level Past, Present, and Future430 Chapter 13. Climate, Climate Change, and Life432 Part 13.1. Initial Ideas433 Part 13.2. The Long View: "Precambrian" and Phanerozoic Life and Climate441 Part 13.3. Examples of Cenozoic Terrestrial Evolution and Climate Connections458 Part 13.4. Examples of Cenozoic Marine Biotic Evolution and Climate Connections469 Part 13.5. Humanity, Climate, and Life481 Part 13.6. Humanity and Future Climate: At a Tipping Point487 Chapter 14. Climate Change and Civilization489 Part 14.1. Climate Change Here and Now497 Part 14.2. Evidence of Climatic Stress on Ancient Maya Civilization513 Part 14.3. The Precipitation Record of the North American Southwest: The Physical Record and Human Response536 Index

O autorze

About the AuthorsDr Kristen St. John is a Professor of Geology at James Madison University.Dr R. Mark Leckie is a Professor of Geology at the University of Massachusetts-Amherst.Dr Kate Pound is a Professor of Geology and a member of the Science Education Group at St. Cloud State University.Dr Megan Jones is a Professor of Geology at North Hennepin Community College.Dr Lawrence Krissek is a Professor Emeritus in the School of Earth Sciences, Ohio State University.