Radionuclide Imaging in Drug Research

ISBN-13: 9789401197304 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 330 str.

Clive G. Wilson

Opis

The use of gamma-emitting radionuclides for diagnostic imaging in nuclear medicine has been established for many years. Sophisticated gamma ray detecting camera systems and computer links enable the clinical investigator to image different regions of the body and to quantify organ function. Parallel developments have also occurred in the field of radiopharmaceuticals, and today a wide range of products is available that will exhibit specific uptake within target tissues following parenteral administration. For example, radioiodide is taken up by the thyroid and iodinated fatty acids can be used to image the myocardium. Labelled antibodies have been used with success to target certain tumours. The concept of targeting has also been considered by pharmaceutical scientists who wish to deliver drugs rather than radionuclides to specific sites in the body. The systems that have been employed are often physically similar to those used as radiopharmaceuticals (for example colloids, aerosols and liposomes). Furthermore, pioneering work by Digenis and others in the United States States and by Alpsten and co-workers (1976)in Sweden had demonstrated the potential of gamma scintigraphy for investigating the fate of tablets and capsules in the gastrointestinal tract of man in a non- invasive way. In 1979, the Biopharmaceutics Research Group at Nottingham together with academic pharmacists from Manchester held a one-day syffiposium at Nottingham University to discuss how radio- nuclides could be used in drug formulation studies to provide better approaches for the delivery of drugs to their sitesof action.

Spis treści

1. Dosage Design — Past, Present and Future.- 2. Radiopharmaceutical Targeting in Nuclear Medicine.- 3. Data Handling and Computation in Radionuclide Studies.- 4. Choice of Radionuclides for Scintigraphy.- 5. Formulation of Radiopharmaceuticals.- 6. Quality Control of Radiopharmaceuticals.- 7. Radiopharmaceutical Distribution Studies in the Rat.- 8. Studies of Radiolabelled Preparations in the Rabbit.- 9. The Utilisation of Short-Lived Radionuclides in the Assessment of Formulation and In Vivo Disposition of Drugs.- 10. Gastrointestinal Transit of Gamma-Emitting Radionuclide Labelled Preparations.- 11. Use of Multiple Pinhole External Scintigraphy to Monitor Tablet Disintegration in Vivo.- 12. Spreading Characteristics of Proprietary Rectal Steroid Preparations.- 13. In Vivo Radioimmunodetection of Cancer.- 14. Therapeutic Aerosol Deposition.- 15. The Evaluation of Parenterally Administered Emulsion Formulations.- 16. In Vivo Distributions of 99mTc-Labelled Liposomes.- 17. Factors Influencing the Clearance Rates of Colloidal Particles from the Rabbit Knee Joint.- 18. The Distribution of Radiolabelled Drug in Animals Infected with Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Comparison of Free and Liposome-Bound Sodium Stibogluconate.- 19. Poster Abstracts.- 19.1 (1-11C)-Acetate — An Agent for the Tomographic Study of Myocardial Metabolism.- 19.2 Bone Scanning in Breast Cancer: Identification of the High-Risk Patient to Increase Positive Yield.- 19.3 Analysis of Gastric Emptying: a Standardised Technique.- 19.4 Intestinal Transit Time of 51Cr-Labelled Pellets of Different Densities.- 19.5 Deposition of Cobalt-57 in the Rat.- 19.6 Studies on the Systemic Bioavailability of Buprenorphine by Various Routes of Administration.- 19.7 The Clearance of Liposomes Administered by the Intramuscular Route.- 19.8 The Clearance of Polystyrene Microspheres from an Intramuscular Injection Site.- 19.9 The Clearance of Albumin Microspheres from an Intramuscular Injection Site.- 19.10 Gastric Emptying of Oils in the Rat.- 19.11 Evaluation of an Oral Sustained-Release Preparation by Gamma Scintigraphy.- 19.12 Spreading of Suppository Bases Assessed with Histological and Scintigraphic Techniques.- 19.13 Studies on Microencapsulation using Radionuclides.