Radiological Exploration of the Ventricles and Subarachnoid Space

ISBN-13: 9783642880339 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 154 str.

G. Ruggiero; J. Bories; A. Calabro

Opis

A few evenings ago in the Hall of the Neurological Clinic of Bologna University Dr. HENRI HEcAEN gave a lecture on the physiopathology of writing. As I was listening to his learned exposition, memories returned to me of times when my reaction to his work was not always the enjoyment of a quiet listener; namely, of the times when, ten years before, during the" seances du samedi" at the Neurosurgical Center of Saint' Anne Hospital in Paris, our meetings often consisted of disputes, in a sparkling tangle of alliances and hostilities, which would often result in clashes between TALAIRACH, AJURIAGUERRA, BREGEAT, M., and Mme DELL, KLoTz (each one passionately pleading for his own speciality), with a brillant chorus of collaborators: CONSTANS, ABouLKER, DELIGNE, SADOUN, BANCAUD . . . enlivening the scene. I re member the discussions on clinical cases, the "lettres au directeur et aux medicins soignants" in which GUILLY was a master of diplomacy, the biting hints at the administrators, the smiles between allies or lovers. And in that casbah-like uproar of students, doctors, patients, attendants, technicians, and spectators, the voice of the "Grand Chef," preceded by a slam on the table, ringing out loudly: "Nom de Dieu Voulez-vous vous taire et nous foutre la paix?" Monsieur David was always able to humanize any abstract problem. Saint' Anne An arena where we dealt with the latest findings of neurology, psychiatry, stereotaxis, neurosurgery, neurophthalmo logy, electroencephalography and neuroradiology. lowe my career to having met Erik Lindgren and Marcel David."

Spis treści

I. Fractional Encephalography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Technical Equipment and Set-Up of Rooms.- Motorized Rotating Chairs.- The Neurocentrix.- Camera 70-mm.- 3. Staff.- 4. Preparation of the Patient.- 5. Encephalography Today. Schematic Outline of an Examination.- Subtentorial Structures.- Occipital Horns.- Frontal Horns.- 6. Lumbar Puncture.- 7. Image Amplifier with Television Control.- Shortening of the Examination.- Evaluation of the Amount of Contrast.- 8. Examination of the Occipital Horns in Sitting Position.- 9. Examination of the Temporal Horns.- Maneuvers for the Filling of a Single Temporal Horn.- Simultaneous Filling of the Two Temporal Horns.- 10. Tomography.- Literature.- Technique.- Autotomography.- Conventional Tomography.- Equipment.- Type of Cancellation.- Layer Thickness.- Choice of the Cutting Plane.- Uses of Tomography.- Conclusions.- 11. Subtraction.- 12. Long Focus-to-Film Distance Radiography and Magnification.- 13. Technique for Examination of the Cerebello-Pontine Angle.- 14. Encephalographic Technique for the Examination of the Sellar Region.- 15. Encephalographic Technique in Cases of Atrophy.- Cerebellar Atrophy.- Cerebral Atrophy.- 16. Encephalography with Urea.- and Literature.- Mechanism of Action of Urea and Mannitol.- Technique.- Complications.- Results.- 17. Encephalography with Pulmonary Hyperventilation.- 18. Late Radiographic Follow-up.- 19. Gaseous Contrast Media.- Gases Used in Total and Subtotal Encephalography.- Atmospheric Air.- Experimental Works.- Manner of Injection.- Reaction of the Patient.- Air Reabsorption.- Cytochemistry of CSF.- CSF Pressure.- Ozone.- Oxygen.- Experimental Work.- Clinical Work.- Carbon Dioxide.- Nitrogen.- Helium.- Xenon.- Acetylene.- Ethylene.- Nitrous Oxide.- Summary.- Gases Used in Fractional Encephalography.- Air and Oxygen.- Summary.- Helium.- Carbon Dioxide.- Nitrous Oxide.- Indication of the Method.- Conclusions.- 20. Anesthesia in Fractional Encephalography.- Preparation of the Patient before Encephalography without Anesthesia.- “Classical” General Anesthesia.- Premedication.- Induction of General Anesthesia.- Maintenance of General Anesthesia.- Post-Examination Care.- Anesthesia with ?-Hydroxybutyric Acid (g.h.b.a.).- Pharmacology.- ?-Hydroxybutyric Acid in Encephalography.- Neuroleptonalgesia (NLA).- Pharmacology.- Technique.- Gas Exchange.- The Contrast Gas is Air and the Anesthetic Gas is Nitrous Oxide.- The Contrast Gas is Nitrous Oxide and the Anesthetic Gas is Nitrous Oxide.- Inhalation of Oxygen after Encephalography Performed with Air or Oxygen.- General Anesthesia with Ketamine.- Conclusions.- 21. Complications.- Results.- II. Gas Ventriculography.- 1. Historical Background.- 2. Technique.- “Ventriculography without Air Injection ” Gardner and Frazier [162] (1929).- Deery’s Technique [108] (1931).- Lysholm’s Maneuver [268–270] (1935) for the Visualization of the Aqueduct and the Fourth Ventricle.- Twining’s Maneuver [461, 462] (1939) for Filling the Third Ventricle, the Aqueduct, and the Fourth Ventricle.- Verbiest’s Technique [468, 469] (1947).- Ziedses des Plantes’ Maneuvers [487, 488] (1953) for the Study of the Third Ventricle, Aqueduct, and Fourth Ventricle, and for the Study of the Temporal Horns.- Central Ventriculography of Azambuja, Arana-Iniguez, Sande, and Garcia-Guelfi [19] (1956).- Fractional Ventriculography by Laine, Riff, De Landtsheer, and Galibert [245, 246] (1957).- Rostotskaya’s Technique [372] (1958).- Calabrò’s Technique [70] (1967).- 3. Complications.- Analysis of the Literature.- Mortality.- Material and Methods.- Comment.- Conclusions.- III. Positive-Contrast Ventriculography.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Iodinated Oils.- Analysis of the Literature.- Chemistry and Physics.- Lipiodol and its Derivatives.- Lipiodol.- Fluid Lipiodol.- Ultrafluid Lipiodol, or Etiodol.- Discolipiodol.- Ethyl Iodophenylundecylate.- Ethyl Monoiodostearate.- Pharmacology.- Oral Administration.- Intraperitoneal Administration.- Intraspinal Administration.- Local Complications.- Reabsorption.- Metabolism.- Complications.- Experimental Research.- Presence of Blood in the Subarachnoid Space.- Emulsions.- Toxicity.- Conclusions.- 3. Techniques of Positive-Contrast Ventriculography.- Balado’s [25] and Amezua’s [11] Technique.- Bull’s Technique [66].- Ruggiero’s Technique [375].- Ralston, Gross, and Newman’s Technique [362].- Dilenge, David, and Talairach’s Technique [130].- Portera’s Panventriculography [354–356].- 4. Positive-Contrast Ventriculography with Water-Soluble Contrast Media.- IV. Positive Contrast Cisternography of the Posterior Fossa.- 1. Literature.- 2. Discussion.- V. Radioisotope Examination of the CSF Pathways.- 1. Literature.- 2. Choice of the Radiocompound.- 3. Diffusion of the Radiocompound.- 4. Technique.- Preparation of the Patient.- Doses of Radiocompound and Injection Route.- Scanning Apparatus.- Linear Scanner.- Gamma Camera.- Scanning Procedures.- Patient’s Position.- Scanning Schedule.- Examination of CSF Fistulae.- Verification of the Efficiency of Surgical Shunts.- Projections.- Our Technique.- 5. Anatomy.- Lateral Projections.- Antero-Posterior and Postero-Anterior Projections.- 6. Complications.- 7. Indications and Results.- CSF Fistulae.- Atrophy, Hydrocephalus, and Malformations.- Expansive Processes.- Addendum.- References.- Index of Illustrations.