Radio-Frequency Quadrupole Accelerators: From Protons to Uranium Ions

ISBN-13: 9783031409660 / Angielski

Chuan Zhang

Spis treści

Chapter

1: Introduction 1

1.1         RF Linear Accelerators for the 21st

Century         3

1.2         Radio-Frequency Quadrupole Accelerators         7

1.3         Front Ends for High Power Linacs             18

Chapter

2: Beam Physics with Space Charge Challenges 24

2.1         Basic Equations 25

2.2         LANL Four-Section Procedure and New

Four-Section Procedure 28

2.3         EP: Equipartitioning Principle     33

2.4         MEGLET: Minimizing Emittance Growth via

Low Emittance Transfer        36

2.5         MEGLET vs. EP   40

2.6         MEGLET RFQ with Off-Design Input Beams          49

2.7         SEGLER: Small Emittance Growth at Large

Emittance Ratios         52

2.8         Comparison of the Four RFQ Design

Methods    57

Chapter

3: Injectors for Modern Science Facilities            61

3.1         EBIS-Based RFQ for RHIC at BNL 62

3.2         CW HLI RFQ for GSI         71

3.3         HSI RFQ Upgrade for FAIR            77

3.4         p-Linac RFQ for FAIR      91

3.5         FRANZ RFQ Redesign for Goethe

University Frankfurt    96

Chapter

4: Injectors for Accelerator-Driven Systems       107

4.1         CW RFQ for European ADS Project MYRRHA        108

4.2         CW RFQ for China ADS Injector II              119

4.3         CW RFQ for Project X Injector

Experiment at FNAL           127

Chapter

5: Towards Efficient Long RFQ Accelerators       134

5.1         MUSIC: Realizing Long RFQs Using

Multiple Shorter and Independent Cavities   135

5.2         HSI MUSIC-RFQ (Solution 1): Cavity +

Drift + Cavity          139

5.3         HSI MUSIC-RFQ (Solution 2): Cavity +

MEBT + Cavity        146

5.4         HSI MUSIC-RFQ (Solution 3): Cavity +

Drift + Cavity + Drift + Cavity           150

5.5         MUSIC-RFQ for High Brilliance Neutron

Source  154

Chapter

6: Frequency Jump Using 704.4 MHz RFQ and CH Accelerators 166

6.1         Background for a New Proposal 167

6.2         Frequency Jump Using 704.4 MHz CH

Cavities    169

6.3         Frequency Jump Using a 704.4 MHz RFQ-CH

Combination            174

6.4         Error Studies     181

6.5         Potential Applications and Future

Development               189

Summary            191

References        194

Appendix

1: Acronyms and Abbreviations           206

Appendix

2: Symbols     210

Acknowledgements       213

O autorze

Chuan Zhang holds a Doctor of Engineering degree in nuclear techniques and applications from Peking University (2005) and a Ph.D. degree in physics from Goethe-University Frankfurt (2009). In 2010, he received the Juan Antonio Rubio – Paul Govaerts EUROTRANS – ENEN Prize at the EUROSAFE Forum. As a side activity, he was a visiting professor at the Institute of Modern Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, from 2010 to 2013. Joining GSI Helmholtz Centre for Heavy Ion Research in 2013, he contributed to the FAIR project's project management office and in parallel focused on linear accelerator design and space charge physics as an accelerator physicist. Presently, he leads the R&D team for stochastic cooling physics and technology at GSI. In 2023, he completed his habilitation and obtained the title of Privatdozent (a qualification for professorship in many European countries) from the Department of Physics at Goethe-University Frankfurt. Additionally, in 2023, he became a short-term invited fellow at the High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK) in Japan, a principal investigator at the Helmholtz Research Academy Hesse for FAIR in Germany, and the GSI-Representative (Observer) of the ESS (European Spallation Source) Accelerator Collaboration Board in Sweden.

With over 20 years of experience, Dr. Zhang has specialized in RF linear accelerators, particularly Radio Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerators. Many accelerators designed by him, such as the EBIS-RFQ at Brookhaven National Laboratory, the CW HLI-RFQ at GSI, the China ADS Injector-II RFQ and the PIP2IT RFQ at Fermilab (the latter two in collaboration with Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory), and the MYRRHA RFQ at Belgian Nuclear Research Centre, have demonstrated exceptional performance and have been in successful operation for many years.

Blurb

This book guides readers into the realm of particle accelerators, which have served as indispensable tools for fundamental research, energy development, medical therapy, industrial applications, national security, etc., since 1924. Towards a new generation of high power proton and ion accelerators, challenges often come from space charge effects, which are most pronounced in low-velocity beams. This book focuses on Radio-Frequency Quadrupole (RFQ) accelerators, one of the most popular front-end structures for accelerator facilities, and their beam physics. Uncovering the limitations of the classic design methods, novel approaches to achieve efficient RFQ accelerators with high beam quality will be presented. In addition, new ideas for possible future developments, such as how to realize long RFQs with high performance and how RFQs can be applied for much higher beam-velocities to shorten large-scale accelerators, will be introduced. To provide a general overview of the research and development of RFQs accelerating particle species from protons to uranium ions, this book uses over 10 real examples developed or proposed in the twenty-first century for various facilities of different dimensions (from large scale e.g. a collider to small scale e.g. university experimental setups). With its rich content and comprehensive scope, this book is an invaluable reference for researchers and graduate students interested in RFQ accelerators and the intricacies of space charge physics in low-velocity beams.