Radiation: An Energy Carrier

ISBN-13: 9789811919565 / Angielski / Miękka / 2022

Tetsuo Tanabe

Opis

This book aims to explain radiation from a somewhat different aspect than its traditional image as something that is scary, dangerous, hazardous, and so on, to produce the correct understanding that radiation is carrying energy, and to convince readers that radiation is not "scary" but controllable and useful. As for radiation itself, many introductions or textbooks have been published, as in radiochemistry, radiobiology, and radiology. In most of them, the biological effects of radiation exposure are the main subjects, which often enhance the feeling that radiation is dangerous, and the effects produced by lower-dose exposure that are difficult to see are hardly discussed.The present volume mainly focuses on how radiation carries energy, how energy is absorbed in substances as absorbed doses (Gy) or dose equivalents (Sv), how damages or risks appear with the absorbed dose and why the effects of the exposure appear quite differently, depending on properties of the substances that were exposed.

Spis treści

Table of Contents

Preface to English edition

Preface

Chapter 1 Radiation carries energy

1-1 Is radiation scary?

1-2 What is written in this book

1-2-1 Radiation is carries energy

1-2-2 All physical and chemical phenomena accompany energy transfer

1-2-3 “EQ (radiation) exposure” means energy deposition (absorption) or energy transfer from EQ to an object

1-2-4 Deposited or absorbed energy in unit mass or volume are quite different depending the kind of EQ.

1-2-5 Units related to radiation, exposure and radiation measurements

  1-2-5-1 Energy and power carried/deposited by EQ (radiation) (J or eV and W)

1-2-5-2 Absorbed dose and dose rate

  1-2-5-3 Intensity of EQ or radioactivity

1-2-6 Intensity and energy of EQ (radiation)

1-3 Energy release from a material (Black body radiation and EQ emission)

1-4 EQ sources in nature

1-5 Energy transfer in physical and chemical phenomena

1-6 Radioactive materials and artificial EQ (radiation) sources

1-7 Summary

 

Chapter 2 Radiation (EQ: Energy Quantum) 

2-1 Introduction

2-2 Radiation is consisting of EQ

2-3 Sources of EQ and their intensity

2-3-1 Sources

2-3-2 Characteristics of radioisotopes as EQ sources

2-3-3 Geometry of EQ sources (point, planner, volumetric and spatial sources)

2-3-3-1 Point and volumetric sources

2-3-3-2 Planner source    

2-3-3-3 Spatial source

2-3-4 Air dose rate

2-4 Energy deposition (absorption) given by EQ exposure

2-5 Energy absorption in living beings exposed to EQ 

2-5-1 External exposure

2-5-2 Internal exposure

2-5-3 Absorbed dose, dose rate and dose equivalent

2-5-4 Conversion of units related to EQ exposure (Bq, Gy, Sv and effective dose)

2-6 Shielding and decontamination

2-7 Effects of EQ exposure on a human body

 

Chapter 3 Sources of Energetic Quanta (EQ) (Radiation Sources) 

3-1 Radioisotopes

3-1-1 Stable isotopes and radioisotopes

3-1-2 Emission of EQ from radioactive isotopes (Disintegration of radioisotopes)

3-1-3 Radioactive isotopes in nature

3-1-4 EQ exposure of human body in nature 

3-1-5 EQ emitted from 131-iodine and 137-cesium and their exposure effects

3-2 Radiation from the sun

3-3 Nuclear reactors

3-4 Release of FPs from the Fukushima power plant after the accident

3-5 Artificial EQ sources

3-5-1 Accelerators

3-5-2 X-ray Generator

3-5-3 Lasers

 

Chapter 4. Irradiation effects of EQ on materials (inorganic- and organic-materials, and living beings) 

4-1 Evaluation of the effects of EQ exposure

4-1-1 There is no critical dose to distinguish secure and insecure

4-1-2 Definite and stochastic (probabilistic) effects of exposure

4-1-3 Evaluation of the effects of low-dose exposure and reduction of exposure

4-2 Irradiation effects of EQ on materials

4-2-1 Effects of EQ exposure on inorganic materials

4-2-1-1 Irradiation effects of metals    

4-2-1-1-1 Damages caused by nuclear collisions

4-2-1-1-2 Damage caused by electron excitation

4-2-1-2 Irradiation effects of covalent and ionic bonding materials

4-2-2 Irradiation effects of organic materials

4-2-3 Irradiation effects of living beings - from molecular levels in cells, tissues to individuals –

4-3 Resilience to EQ exposure and recovery

4-4 Absorbed does (deposited energy) and volume exposed to EQ

 

Chapter 5 Reduction of exposure, Contamination and Decontamination 

5-1 Introduction

5-2 Distribution of EQ sources and their removal

5-3 External and internal exposures

5-4 Reduction of exposure to a human body

5-5 Resilience

5-5-1 Where and how large area are damaged or influence by EQ exposure.

5-5-2 Recovery of damages and resilience

5-5 Short-term and long-term exposure

 

Chapter 6 Detection and measurement of EQ 

6-1 Introduction

6-2 Determination of type, intensity and energy of EQ 

6-2-1 Measurements of intensities

6-2-2 Accuracy of intensity measurements

6-2-3 Measurements of EQ energy

6-2-4 Calorimetry

6-2-5 Intensity (radio activity) of EQ source

6-3 Absorbed dose measurement

6-4 Visualization of EQ source distribution

6-5 Absorbed dose equivalent -accuracy and assessment of effects of EQ exposure-  

6-5-1 Consideration of exposed dose equivalent (Sv) to use for the assessment of the effects of EQ exposure 

6-5-2 Accuracy and number of significant figures in EQ measurements

 

Chapter 7 Utilization of EQ 

7-1 Introduction

7-2 Sterilization or disinfection

7-3 Medical purposes

7-4 Utilization of EQ energy

7-5 Radiometric dating (¹⁴C dating)

7-5 Use of radioisotopes as tracers

 

Chapter 8 Energy and the History of the Earth 

8-1 Introduction

8-2 Changes in the global environment

8-3 Development and Evolution of Life

 

Chapter 9 Energy use and radiation

9-1 Introduction

9-2 Sources of energy

9-3 There's no energy to use for free

9-3 Fossil fuels are originally solar energy

9-4 Risks associated with energy use

 

Bibliography 

(a) Introductory

(b) Radiation and Radioactivity

(c) Radiation Biology

(d) Radiation Physics, Radiochemistry

(e) Radiation Measurements

(f) Radiation Hormesis

(g) Radiation Use

 

Appendix: Q and A relating radiation (EQ) 

Radiation is explained in a simple form of Q & A, which also serves as summary.

Q1: What is radioactivity?

Q2: What is radiation?

Q3: What is a radiation source?

Q4: Is light and radiation the same ?　

Q5: What are particles that carry energy?

Q6: What kind of particles and light (photons) are included in radiation (EQ)? 

Q7: How do EQ move? 

Q8: What does radiation exposure mean? 

Q9: What do following units related to EQ exposure mean and how they are different with each other? Count rates (cps, cpm, cph), Becquerel (Bq), Gray (Gy) and Siebert (Sv)

Q10: Is the exposure of 20 mSv dangerous?

Q11: Does the EQ exposure make objects (substances and/or living beings) radioactive?

Q12: Does a substance exposed to EQ glow?

Q13: What is internal and external exposures? What is the difference?

Q14: What happens on radioactive materials ingested into a body?

O autorze

Tetsuo Tanabe is a special-appointment professor at the Research Center for Artificial Photosynthesis (ReCAP), Osaka City University. His work is mainly concerned with nuclear materials, fusion engineering, and tritium science. He received his Doctor of Engineering from Osaka University in 1977. He has been a professor at Nagoya University and Kyushu University and has served in his current position since 2017. He is now an emeritus professor at Nagoya University and Kyushu University.