Race and Representative Bureaucracy in American Policing

ISBN-13: 9783319852928 / Angielski / Miękka / 2018 / 127 str.

Brandy A. Kennedy; Adam M. Butz; Nazita Lajevardi

Opis

This book examines issues of race and policing through the lens of representative bureaucracy theory. According to representative bureaucracy theory, demographic correspondence between government employees and the local population can lead to more favorable outcomes for minority groups. It argues that police forces with higher minority composition will have more positive outcomes across measures such as fewer excessive force complaints and fewer fatal encounters with officers. Additionally, the book asserts that more representative forces will demonstrate responsiveness and accountability by implementing policies such as citizen review boards for excessive force complaints. It does this by first providing a brief overview of issues surrounding race and policing in America, documenting racial representation occurring in local police forces nationwide, and exploring the potential causes and consequences of underrepresentation. It concludes by discussing the implications of our findings and offer potential policy remedies and solutions that local law enforcements can pursue in order to reduce minority underrepresentation and improve policing outcomes.

Spis treści

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter 1.  Introduction: Race and Representative Bureaucracy in American Policing

1.1 Introduction 5

1.2 Summary of Remaining Chapters 10

Chapter 2.  Unpacking the Foundations of Representative Bureaucracy Theory and American Policing 

2.1 History of Unrepresentativeness: Race and American Policing 17

2.2 African Americans and Policing in America 18

2.3 Blacks and American Policing in the Post-Civil Rights Era 20

2.4 Hispanics and Policing in America 25

2.5 Contemporary Efforts at Minority Representation 30

2.6 The Origins of Representative Bureaucracy Theory 28

2.7 Empirical Research on Representative Bureaucracy 33

    2.7.1 Assumptions of Active Representation 35

    2.7.2 Translation Methods of Passive to Active Representation 36

2.8 Representative Bureaucracy Research and American Policing 37

    2.8.1 Passive Representation and American Policing 38

2.8.2 Potential Trade-Offs Between Minority Groups 41

2.9 Active Representation in American Policing 42

2.10 Conclusion 45

Chapter 3. Passive Representation in American Policing: Trends and Changes, 1993-2013

3.1 Introduction 52

3.2 Passive Representation: Data and Measurement 53

3.3 Variation in Passive Representation 55

       3.3.1 U.S. Counties, 1993-2007 56

       3.3.2 Large U.S. Urban Areas, 1993-2013 59

3.4 Changes in the Size of the Population in the top U.S. Cities, 1993-2013 61

3.5 Conclusion 65

Chapter 4. Causes of Passive Representation in American Policing: Politics and Officer Selection

4.1 Introduction 68

4.2 Influence by Political Leaders 694.3 Residency Requirements and Passive Representation 72

4.4 Origins of Residency Requirements for Police Officers 73

4.4.1 Jurisprudence Surrounding Residency Requirements   73

    4.4.2 Illustrative Case Studies 76

4.4.2.1 Case Study: Denver, CO 76

4.4.2.2 Case Study: Cleveland, OH 78

4.5 Quantitative Tests of the Effects of Residency Requirements 79

4.6 Passive Representation and Union Membership 82

4.7 Testing Mayor’s Influence, Residency Requirements, and Union Presence 84

4.8 Conclusion 85

Chapter 5. Active Representation in American Policing

5.1 Introduction 89

5.2 Representation and Officer Behavior: Psychology, Preference Alteration, and Behavior Modification 90

5.3 Racial Representation and Agency Procedures 93

5.4 Racial Representation and Excessive Force Complaints 96

5.5 Racial Representation and Officer-Involved Fatalities 101

        5.5.1 Measuring Police Use of Deadly Force 101

5.6 Conclusion 113

Chapter 6.  Conclusions and Lessons for Reform

6.1 Representative Bureaucracy and American Policing: Lessons for Scholars 118

6.2 Representative Bureaucracy and American Policing: Lessons for Practitioners and Policymakers 120

6.3 Concluding Thoughts 127

O autorze

Brandy Kennedy is Associate Professor of Political Science and Public Administration in the Department of Government and Sociology at Georgia College and State University, USA. Her recent publications include articles in the Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory and Administration and Society.  

Adam M. Butz is Assistant Professor in the Graduate Center for Public Policy and Administration at California State University, Long Beach, USA. His most recent publications include articles in Poverty & Public Policy, Evaluation Review, and the Journal of Policy Practice.

Nazita Lajevardi is a Postdoctoral Fellow at Uppsala University, Sweden. Prior works cover voter identification laws, felon disenfranchisement laws, media coverage, and constituent communications.

Matthew Nanes is a PhD candidate in the Department of Political Science at the University of California, San Diego, USA. His research has been published in Comparative Political Studies.