Psychopharmacology of Aversively Motivated Behavior

ISBN-13: 9781468423969 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 564 str.

H. Anisman

Opis

During the past two decades, remarkable advances have been made in psychopharmacology, resulting in increased demands for journal space (witness the large number of journals that cater primarily or exclusively to this topic). Concomitantly, a need developed for more integration of the currently available data. To this end, numerous edited volumes in psycho- pharmacology have appeared which have been primarily concerned with the role of a particular drug or system in modulating a wide variety of behaviors. While such texts have been most useful in elucidating drug mechanisms and the etiology of a number of behaviors, few attempts have been made to evaluate and integrate pharmacological treatments within a single behavioral category. Specifically, the researcher interested in understanding a given behavior from a neurochemical point of view must consult several texts, each dealing with a different chemical or system. When texts are obtained covering a broad spectrum of systems, they also invariably deal with many different behaviors, thus not allowing for complete integration within a behavioral category. The present volume was planned to meet the needs of the scientist interested in understanding neurochemical mechanisms underlying aversively motivated behavior, as well as drug effects thereon. In organizing the contents of this text, it quickly became apparent that any attempt to provide a complete overview of behavioral and pharmacological information pertaining to aversive situations was not practical for at least two reasons.

Spis treści

1 Aversively Motivated Behavior as a Tool in Psychopharmacologic Analysis.- I. Introduction.- II. Theoretical Models.- III. Components of Avoidance Behavior—Implications for Psychopharmacology.- A. Associative Processes—Drive Components.- B. Associative versus Nonassociative Processes—Response Components.- C. Stimulus-Response Interface.- D. Pseudoconditioning and Anticipatory Responding.- E. Deductions and Predictions.- IV. Strategies for the Assessment of Treatment Effects.- A. Discrete-Trial Active Avoidance: Task Manipulations and Multiple Testing Procedures.- B. Response Suppression.- C. Controls for Activity and Responsivity to Shock.- D. Discriminated Avoidance: Simultaneous and Successive Procedures.- E. Sidman (Continuous) Avoidance.- F. Drugs as Aversive Stimuli.- G. Transfer Designs.- H. Genetic Manipulations.- I. Cluster Analysis.- V. General Summary.- References.- 2 Behavioral Genetics and Animal Learning.- I. Introduction.- II. Basic Concepts and Methods.- A. Heredity and Genetics.- B. Origins of Laboratory Animals.- C. Breeding Systems and Research Applications.- III. Major Research Questions.- A. General Learning Ability.- B. Dimensional versus Pairwise Variation.- C. Dissection of the Learning Process.- D. Equating Effects of Experimental Manipulations.- IV. Mendelian Inheritance, Pleiotropy, and Relations between Characters.- A. Mendelian Inheritance.- B. Genetic Correlation and Physiological Causation.- C. Behavioral Pleiotropy.- D. “Trivial” Pleiotropy and Genuine Relations.- E. “Genuine” Pleiotropy and Spurious Relations.- F. A Reformulation.- References.- 3 Neurochemical Changes Elicited by Stress: Behavioral Correlates.- I. Introduction.- II. Effects of Acute Stress on Levels and Turnover of NE, DA, and 5-HT.- A. Electric Foot Shock.- B. Cold, Restraint, and Oscillation Stress.- C. Isolation.- III. Stress-Induced Increases in Amine Levels.- IV. Neurochemical Change and Coping Style.- A. Escapable versus Inescapable Stress.- B. Effects of Repeated or Chronic Stress.- V. Hormonal Changes after Stress.- VI. Genetic Factors.- A. Endogenous Differences in Neurochemical Levels.- B. Stress-Induced Neurochemical Effects.- C. Stress Effects after Drug Treatments.- VII. Stress-Induced Neurochemical Changes: Implications for Avoidance Behavior.- VIII. Implications for Human Behavior.- A. Depression.- B. Schizophrenia.- IX. Overview.- References.- 4 Cholinergic Mechanisms and Aversively Motivated Behaviors.- I. Introduction.- II. Selected Neurochemical Aspects of Cholinergic Drug Action.- A. Characterization of Cholinergic Receptors.- B. Effects of Cholinergic Agonists.- C. Effects of Cholinergic Antagonists.- D. Some Effects of Other Agents.- III. Behavioral Effects of Muscarinic Agonists and Antagonists.- A. Activity, Exploration, Habituation, and Sensory Reinforcement.- B. Responses to Aversive Stimuli.- C. Fear Conditioning.- D. Passive Avoidance.- E. Active Avoidance.- IV. Sites of Drug Action.- A. Neuropsychological Investigations.- B. Selected Anatomical and Physiological Data on Cholinergic Mechanisms and Pathways.- C. Tentative Conclusions on Muscarinic Mechanisms.- V. Nicotinic Stimulation and Blockade.- A. Nonmonotonic Response Changes after Nicotine.- B. Possible Mechanisms of Nicotine Action: Nicotinic Blockers.- VI. General Conclusions.- References.- 5 Monoamines and Aversively Motivated Behaviors.- I. Introduction.- II. Neuropharmacology of the Monoamines.- A. General Characteristics.- B. Monoamine Pathways.- C. Biosynthesis of the Catecholamines.- D. Biosynthesis of Serotonin.- E. The Metabolic Inactivation of the Monoamines.- III. Some Aspects of the Neuropharmacology of the Monamines.- A. Monoamine Synthesis Inhibitors.- B. Cytotoxic Agents.- C. Drugs That Increase Monoamine Levels at Receptors.- D. Drugs That Affect Monoamine Storage.- E. Serotonin Antagonists.- IV. Catecholaminergic Mechanisms and Nonassociative Behavioral Change.- A. Catecholamine Involvement in Motor Activity.- V. Catecholaminergic Mechanisms and Aversively Motivated Behaviors.- A. Chemical Lesions.- B. Receptor Blockade and Synthesis Inhibition.- C. Catecholamine Stimulants.- D. Memory Interpretations Concerning Behavioral Changes Induced by Catecholaminergic Agents.- VI. Serotonergic Mechanisms and Aversively Motivated Behaviors.- A. Chemical Lesions, Synthesis Inhibition, and Administration of Precursors.- VII. Conclusions.- References.- 6 Hallucinogens.- I. Introduction.- II. The General Pharmacology of Hallucinogens.- A. Indolealkylamines.- B. Phenethylamines.- C. Miscellaneous Anticholinergics.- D. Phenylcyclohexyl Derivatives.- III. Effects of Hallucinogens on Animal Behavior.- A. Effects on Habituation, Spontaneous Alternation, and Locomotor Activity.- B. Active Avoidance.- C. Passive Avoidance and Go-No-Go Paradigms.- D. Effects on Appetitive Operant Responding.- E. Conditioned Aversion.- IV. Current Models and Hypotheses for the Effects of Hallucinogens.- A. Indole and Phenethylamine Hallucinogens.- B. Cannabis.- V. Relevance to Human Effects.- VI. Conclusion.- References.- 7 Effects of Neuroleptics, Ethanol, Hypnotic-Sedatives, Tranquilizers, Narcotics, and Minor Stimulants in Aversive Paradigms.- I. Introduction.- II. Neuroleptics (Major Tranquilizers).- A. Antiavoidance Action.- B. Unlikely or Insufficient Explanations of the Antiavoidance Action: Antinociception—Associative and Motivational Deficits.- C. Sensory versus Motor Explanations of the Neuroleptic Syndrome.- D. Miscellaneous Problems.- III. Ethanol, Hypnotic-Sedatives, and Minor Tranquilizers.- A. The Anticonflict or Antipunishment Action.- B. Effects on Other Aversively Motivated Behaviors.- C. Hypotheses on the Mechanisms Underlying the Anticonflict Action.- IV. Narcotic Agonists and Antagonists.- A. Punishment Suppression.- B. Active Avoidance.- V. Miscellaneous Stimulants.- A. Xanthines (Caffeine and Related Agents).- B. Antidepressants.- C. Magnesium Pemoline.- VI. Conclusions.- References.- 8 Stimulus Attributes of Drugs.- I. Drugs as Unconditioned Punishing Stimuli.- A. Toxic Drug Effects.- B. Tolerance and Withdrawal Illness.- C. Conditioned Stimulus for Aversive Drug Effects.- II. Drugs as Unconditioned Reinforcing Stimuli.- A. Drug Self-Administration to Relieve Aversive Conditions.- B. Chronic Drug Intake.- C. Conditioned Stimulus for Drug-Mediated Relief.- III. Drugs as Conditioned Stimuli.- A. Variations in Discriminative Responses.- B. General Attributes of Discriminative Drug Effects.- C. State-Dependent Effects and Amnesia.- IV. Summary.- References.- 9 A Comparative Neurochemical, Pharmacological, and Functional Analysis of Aversively Motivated Behaviors: Caveats and General Considerations.- I. Theoretical Frameworks for Aversively Motivated Behaviors.- A. General Considerations.- B. Methodological Issues in Pharmacological and Neuropsychological Analysis.- II. Role of Neurochemical Activity in Aversive Situations.- A. Acetylcholine.- B. Dopamine and Norepinephrine.- C. Serotonin.- D. Neurotransmitter Interactions.- III. Comparative Analysis of Selected Drug-Induced Syndromes.- IV. Relevance of Research on Infrahuman Subjects to Human Psychopharmacology.- V. Conclusions.- References.- Author Index.