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This textbook will help students to understand that psychology is around them every day and that its principles are relevant to a whole host of life questions. In addition to showing the relevance of psychology outside of the classroom, the text also allows students to see the big picture by stressing the interconnected nature of psychological science.
About the Authors
List of Contributors
To the Instructor
To the Student
CHAPTER 1 Psychology: Yesterday and Today
What Is Psychology?
Psychology as the Science of Mind or Behaviour, or Both?
Psychology s Roots in Philosophy
The Scientific Revolution
The Founding of Psychology
Wundt and Introspection (1)
Psychoanalysis: Psychology of the Unconscious (2)
Functionalism: The Practical Application of Psychology (3)
Psychometrics: Measuring the Mind (4)
Gestalt Psychology: More than Putting Together the Building Blocks (5)
Behaviourism: Psychology of Adaptation (6)
Humanistic Psychology: A New Direction (7)
Psychology in the 21st Century: Cognitive Psychology, Neuroscience and Evolution
Psychobiology/Neuroscience: Exploring the Origins of the Mind
The Diversity of Psychology and Psychological Literacy
Psychology as a Profession
Current Trends in Psychology
Summary
Key Terms
CHAPTER 2 Psychology as a Science
What Is a Science?
Scientific Principles
The Scientific Method
Is Psychology a Science?
Goals of Psychology
Values and the Application of Psychology
Misrepresentation of Psychology
How Do Psychologists Conduct Research?
State a Hypothesis
Choose Participant
Pick a Research Method
How Do Psychologists Make Sense of Research Results?
Correlations: Measures of Relationships
Experimental Analyses: Establishing Cause and Effect
Th e Qualitative World
Using Statistics to Evaluate and Plan Research
What Ethical Research Guidelines Do Psychologists Follow?
Summary
Key Terms
CHAPTER 3 Biological and Cognitive Development
What is developmental psychology?
Understanding How We Develop
What Drives Change? Nature versus Nurture
Qualitative versus Quantitative Shifts in Development
Do Early Experiences Matter? Critical Periods and Sensitive Periods
How Is Developmental Psychology Investigated?
Before We Are Born
In the Beginning: Genetics
Infancy
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Early and Middle Childhood
Physical Development
Adolescence
Physical Development
Cognitive Development
Alternative Accounts of Cognitive Development
Adulthood
Physical and Cognitive Development
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 4 Social and Emotional Development
Before We Are Born
Infancy
Attachment theory
Parenting Styles
Friendship and Peer Relations
Childhood
Moral Development
Theories of Moral Development
Eisenberg s Theory of Prosocial Moral Judgement
Gilligan s Theory of Moral Development
Current Directions in Moral Development
Adolescence
Adulthood and Old Age
Social and Emotional Development in Adulthood
Social and Emotional Features of Early and Middle Adulthood
Social and Emotional Features of Old Age
The Third Age/Fourth Age Distinction
Atypical Development
Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Two Useful Concepts for Atypical Development: Equifinality and Multifinality
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 5 Behavioural Neuroscience
How Do Scientists Study the Nervous System and the Brain?
How Does the Nervous System Work?
Neurons and Glial Cells or Those Who Act and Those Who Serve
The Action Potential
Seven Lock–and–Key Principles of Receptors and Neurotransmitters
Communication across the Synapse
Neural Networks
The Brain s Structural and Functional Organization
The Brainstem
The Pons
The Cerebellum
The Midbrain
The Thalamus
The Hypothalamus
The Pituitary Gland and the Endocrine System
The Amygdala
The Hippocampus
The Striatum and Basal Ganglia
The Nucleus Accumbens
The Neocortex
The Corpus Callosum
Neurons and the Communication Systems of the Brain, Nervous System and Body
The Integrated Brain
Spinal Cord Injuries
The Peripheral Nervous System
Building the Brain
Brain Development Before We Are Born
Brain Development across the Lifespan
Brain Side and Brain Size
Differences in Brain Lateralization
Gender Differences
Neurological Diseases
Transplanting Stem Cells to Treat Neurological Disorders
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 6 Genes, Environment and Evolution
The History of Evolutionary Approaches to Psychology
Charles Darwin and On the Origin of Species
The Modern Synthesis
Tinbergen, the Birth of Ethology and the Four Whys of Behaviour
Inclusive Fitness
Adaptations, and the Demise of Group Selection
The 1970s: Robert Trivers, E. O. Wilson and the Dawn of Sociobiology
Evolutionary Psychology
The Principles Behind Evolutionary Psychology
Human Evolution
The Environment of Evolutionary Adaptedness (EEA)
Genetics
Main Areas of Research in Evolutionary Psychology
Sexual Selection
Kin Selection
Cooperation and Altruism
The Evolution of Cognition
The Evolution of Language
Cultural Evolution
Criticisms and Misunderstandings of Evolutionary Approaches to Human Behaviour
Criticism 1: Evolutionary psychology too often believes a behaviour is an adaptation
(panadaptationism)
Criticism 2: Evolutionary psychology is guilty of biological determinism
Criticism 3: Evolutionary psychology tries to explain things too simply (reductionism)
Criticism 4: Evolutionary psychology justifies immoral behaviours
The Future of Evolutionary Psychology
Further Understanding of Genetics
Hormones
Individual Differences
Neuroscience
Applied Evolutionary Psychology: Darwinian Medicine and Evolutionary Psychopathology
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 7 Perception and the Senses
Introducing Perception: Common Features of the Senses
Translating Stimuli: Sensory Transduction
The Limits of the Senses: Thresholds
Surrounded by Stimuli: Sensory Adaptation
Processing Sensory Information
The Chemical Senses: Smell and Taste
Smell and Taste
Smell and Taste: How They Work
Smell and Taste as We Grow
Sensitivity to Smell and Taste
Smell and Taste Disorders
The Tactile Senses: Touch, Pressure, Pain, Vibration
Tactile Senses
Development of the Tactile Senses
Pain Thresholds
Difficulties with Tactile Senses
The Auditory Sense: Hearing
From Sound Waves to Sounds
Drowning Out the Noise
Sounds in Space
Hearing and the Brain
Hearing and Learning
Identifying Pitch
Difficulties with Hearing
The Visual Sense: Sight
Seeing the Light
Seeing in Colour
How Sight Works
Visual Perception from the Top Down
Developing Sight
Difficulties with Sight
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 8 Consciousness
PART 1: THE PHILOSOPHY OF CONSCIOUSNESS
Defining Consciousness
Is Consciousness Mysterious ?
What s in the World? Part 1: Material Stuff or Mental Stuff
Identity Theory
Eliminativism
Objections to Identity Theory and Eliminativism
The Rise of Functionalism
Criticisms of Functionalism
Assessing the Materialist Approach
What s in the World? Part 2: Material Stuff and Mental Stuff
Dualism
Summary of Part 1
PART 2: STUDYING CONSCIOUS STATES
When We Are Awake: Conscious Awareness
When We Are Awake
Alert Consciousness
Preconscious and Unconscious States
Cognitive Views of the Unconscious
Hypnosis
Hypnotic Procedures and Effects
Why Does Hypnosis Work?
Hypnosis in the Brain
When We Are Asleep
Why Do We Sleep?
Rhythms of Sleep
When We Sleep
Sleep at Different Ages
Sleep Deprivation and Sleep Disorders
Psychoactive Drugs
Depressants
Stimulants
Hallucinogens
Psychoactive Drugs
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 9 Learning
What Is Learning?
Non–Associative Learning
Non–Associative Learning
Associative Learning
Classical Conditioning
How Does Classical Conditioning Work?
Examples of Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning
Classical Conditioning and Fears
Phobias
Classical Conditioning and Taste Aversions
Operant Conditioning
How Does Operant Conditioning Work?
Using Operant Conditioning to Teach New Behaviours
Learnt Helplessness
Learning and Thinking
Observational Learning
Observation and Modelling
Observational Learning and Violence
Factors that Facilitate Learning
Timing
Context
Awareness and Attention
Sleep
When We Learn
Prenatal and Postnatal Learning
Learning and Gender
Learning Difficulties
Dyslexia
Dyscalculia
Attention Deficit Disorders
Issues in Treatment
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 10 Memory
What Is Memory?
How Do We Encode Information into Memory?
Using Automatic and Effortful Processing to Encode
Encoding Information into Working Memory: Transferring from Sensory Memory into Working Memory
Encoding Information into Long–Term Memory: Transferring Working Memory into Long–Term Memory
In What Form Is Information Encoded?
How Do We Store Memories?
Storage in Working Memory
Storage in Long–Term Memory
How Do We Retrieve Memories?
Priming and Retrieval
Context and Retrieval
Emotion: A Special Retrieval Cue
Why Do We Forget and Misremember?
Theories of Forgetting
Distorted or Manufactured Memories
Memory and the Brain
What Is the Anatomy of Memory?
What Is the Biochemistry of Memory?
Memories in the Young and Old
Disorders of Memory
Organic Memory Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 11 Language and Thought
Language
Language Structure
Language Learning
How Language Works
Language Variation
Language and Thought
Thinking without Words: Mental Imagery and Spatial Navigation
The Influence of Language on Thought
Thought
Thinking and Effort: Controlled and Automatic Processing
Thinking to Solve Problems
Thinking to Make Decisions
Metacognition
Disordered Thought
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 12 Intelligence
What Do We Mean by Intelligence?
Is Intelligence General or Specific?
Current Multifactor Theories of Intelligence
Self–Estimated Intelligence
Where Are We Today?
Additional Types of Intelligence
Emotional Intelligence
Social Intelligence
Wisdom
Creativity
Personality Characteristics
How Do We Measure Intelligence?
Intelligence Test Construction and Interpretation
History of Intelligence Testing
How Well Do Intelligence Tests Predict Performance?
Intelligence and Longevity
Cultural Bias and Stereotypes in Intelligence Testing
Is Human Intelligence Increasing?
Is Intelligence Governed by Genetic or Environmental Factors?
What Are the Social Implications of the Nature/Nurture Debate?
The Bell Curve Controversy
Genetic Influences on Intelligence
Environmental Influences on Intelligence
Group Differences in IQ Scores
Men and Women Are Different (Cognitive Differences between the Sexes)
Does Environmental Enrichment Make a Difference?
The Brain and Intelligence
Brain Size, Number of Neurons and Intelligence
Brain Speed and Intelligence
Brain Activity and Intelligence
Cortical Thickness and Intelligence
Extremes in Intelligence
Intellectual Disability
Giftedness
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 13 Motivation
Theories of Motivation
Instinct Theory
Drive–Reduction Theory
Arousal Theory
Incentive Theory
Multiple Motivations: Hierarchy of Needs
Biological Motivations: Hunger
Hunger Signals
Eating Behaviour
Eating Issues
Biological Motivations: Sex
Sex: Psychological and Social Factors
Sex: What Happens in the Body and Brain
Gender Identity
Difficulties with Sex
Psychological Motivations: Affiliation and Achievement
Affiliation
Achievement
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 14 Emotion
What Is Emotion?
Components of Emotion
Measurement of Emotions
Functions of Emotions
Where Do Emotions Come From?
Theories of Emotion
Emotional Development
Emotion in the Brain
The Range of Emotional Experiences
Experiencing Emotion
Disorders of Emotion
What About Positive Emotions?
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 15 Personality
The Psychodynamic Perspective
The Structure of Personality
Freud s Psychosexual Stages
Anxiety and Defence Mechanisms
Evaluating Freud s Theories
Other Psychodynamic Theories
The Humanistic Perspective
Abraham Maslow
Carl Rogers
Evaluating Humanistic Theories
The Trait Perspective
Gordon Allport
Hans Eysenck and Factor Analysis
The Five–Factor Model
Evaluating Trait Theories
The Situationist and Interactionist Perspectives
The Situationist View
The Interactionist Perspective
Biological Foundations of Personality
How Much Do Genetic Factors Contribute to Personality?
Personality and Biological Systems
Personality and Group Differences
Gender Differences
Differences among Cultural Groups
Culture, Socioeconomic Environment and Personality
Personality Disorders
Personality Assessment
Personality Inventories
Projective Tests
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 16 Social Cognition, Social Relations and Social Functioning
Social Cognition: Attitudes
Attitudes
How Do Attitudes Change?
Do Attitudes Influence Behaviour?
Are People Honest about Their Attitudes?
Stereotypes and Prejudice
Attitudes and the Power of Persuasion
Social Cognition: Attributions
Dispositional and Situational Attributions
The Actor–Observer Effect
Exceptions to the Rule
Social Relations
Helping Behaviour
Aggression
Interpersonal Attraction
Social Functioning
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 17 Social Forces, Group Processes and Language
Social Forces
Norms and Social Roles
Obedience
Intragroup Processes
Group Dynamics
Majority Influence in Groups
Minority Influence in Groups
Intergroup Relations
Realistic Group Conflict Theory
Social Identity Theory
Social Identities in Action
Crowds
Language and Social Groups
Social Representations Theory
Discursive Psychology
Social Psychology around Us
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 18 Stress, Coping and Health
What Is Stress?
Stress and Stressors
Ways of Experiencing Stress
Kinds of Stressors
Responding to and Coping with Stress
Physiological Responses to Stress
Emotional Responses to Stress
Cognitive Responses to Stress
Individual Responses to Stress
Coping with Stress
Stress and Health
Coronary Heart Disease
Life Change and Illness
Stress and the Immune System
The Benefits of Stress
Well–Being and Happiness: The Opposite of Stress
Post–Traumatic Stress Disorder
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 19 Psychological Disorders
Defining, Classifying and Diagnosing Psychological Disorders
Defining Psychological Disorders
Classifying and Diagnosing Psychological Disorders
Assessing Individuals for Psychological Disorders
Models of Psychological Disorder
The Neuroscience Model
The Cognitive–Behavioural Model
The Humanistic and Existential Models
The Sociocultural Model
The Developmental Psychopathology Model
The Psychodynamic Model
Mood Disorders
Major Depressive Disorder
Bipolar Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Social Anxiety Disorder (Social Phobia)
Phobias
Panic Disorder
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Post–traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Schizophrenia
Positive Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Negative Symptoms of Schizophrenia
Psychomotor Symptoms
How Do Neuroscientists Explain Schizophrenia?
Other Psychological Disorders
Somatoform Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Personality Disorders
Summary
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Key Terms
CHAPTER 20 Treatment of Psychological Disorders
Treatment in the Modern Context
Entering and Receiving Treatment
Conducting Treatment
Biological Treatments
Drug Therapy
Electroconvulsive Therapy
Psychosurgery
Biological Treatments in Perspective
Behavioural Therapies
Classical Conditioning Techniques
Operant Conditioning Techniques
Modelling Techniques
Behavioural Therapies in Perspective
Cognitive–Behavioural Therapies
Ellis s Rational–Emotive Behavioural Therapy
Beck s Cognitive Therapy
Second–Wave Cognitive–Behavioural Therapies
Cognitive–Behavioural Therapies in Perspective
Non–Empirical Therapies
Humanistic and Existential Therapies
Psychodynamic Approaches
Techniques of Psychodynamic Analysis
Short–Term Psychoanalysis
Relational Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic Approaches in Perspective
Formats of Therapy
Group Therapy
Family Therapy
Couple Therapy
Community Treatment
Does Therapy Work?
Some Final Thoughts about the Field of Psychology
Summary
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Key Terms
Glossary
References
Name Index
Subject Index
Professors Ronald Comer and Elizabeth Gould are at Princeton University, US and Professor Adrian Furnham is at University College London.
PSYCHOLOGY by Comer, Gould and Furnham helps students to understand that psychology is around them every day and that its principles are important in answering a whole host of life questions. The text also allows students to see the big picture by stressing the interconnected nature of psychological science.
- Every chapter includes sections on human development, individual differences, brain function, and abnormal psychology that are relevant in that area. These Tying it Together themes highlight how the different fields of psychology are connected to each other and how they link to everyday life.
- A strong focus on neuroscience is integrated throughout in an exciting and accessible way. Features demonstrate what happens in the brain when people are performing common behaviours such as eating pizza, learning a second language and getting a good night s sleep.
Go to www.wileyopenpage.com to access your free e–book using the code in the front cover of this text.
Instructors adopting this text are supported by a rich set of teaching resources helping them to deliver this crucial course with more efficiency and impact. Go to www.wiley.com/college/comer to access the extensive Test Bank, Instructor Manual Instructor slides, and Class Videos.
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