Psychological Thoughts: From Antiquity to Modern Times

ISBN-13: 9781792447280 / Angielski / Twarda / 2020

Zbigniew Pleszewski

Opis

The domain of psychology is shared with medicine, anthropology, philosophy and literature. Analyzing the human mind at various levels: molecular, biological, social, phenomenological and spiritual, involves different methods and conceptualizations. Nomothetic approach (in theoretical and experimental studies) provides a generalized view of the human being, while the idiographic approach (assumed by clinical psychologist, novelists or filmmakers) offers a description of a unique person. Considering the complexity of the human mind, all these levels of analysis and approaches are needed and complementary. The human mind integrates what is bodily and spiritual, personal and collective, temporal and eternal. No animal, no artificial intelligence or robot can do it.Psychological thoughts evolve through millennia, including mythic, religious, social, philosophical and medical components. Psychology did not start in ancient Greece, thus the book covers the historical periods beyond what typical textbooks present. The Neolithic humans had the same intelligence and capacity of reflection as the modern Homo sapiens. Lack of written documents from the pre-historic times is not proof of the ignorance of the human ancestors, but rather ours.The book is addressed to student of psychology, professional psychologists, psychiatrists, psychotherapists, physicians, social workers, nurses and a broad intellectual audience.

Spis treści

• Gratitude
• Introduction
• Chapter 1 Terminological and Methodological Considerations
• Psychological Thoughts, Concepts, and Mentality
• Is the Historical Overview Worthy of Attention?
• History and Its Interpretations
• Zeitgeist/Ortgeist Versus the Special Person Perspective
• History of the Term ""Psychology"" in Writings
• Philosophical Inquiry
• Scientific Inquiry
• Domains and Questions That Psychology and Philosophy Share
• Ontology
• Ontological Monism
• Ontological Pluralism
• Epistemology
• The Ethics
• Chapter 2 Anthropomorphic, Magic, and Animist Beliefs: Prehistoric Australia and Europe
• Hypothetical Timeline: Prehistoric and Historic Periods
• Paleolithic and Mesolithic Human Communities
• The Old and New Understandings of Mental Mechanisms
• Anthropomorphic Understanding
• Animistic Understanding
• Magic Understanding
• Religious Understanding
• Belief in the Afterlife
• Chapter 3 Mythical, Religious Views on the Human Soul, Free Will, and Personal Responsibility:Ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Persia, Crete, and Preclassic Greece
• Early Civilizations
• Mesopotamian Civilizations
• The Sumerians
• Sumerian and Babylonian Polytheism
• The Ancient Hebrews
• Ancient Egypt
• Ancient Persia
• Ancient Crete and Preclassic Greece
• The Mycenaeans from Peloponnesus
• Greek Mythology
• Chapter 4 Ethos and Cosmic Harmony: Confucianism, Taoism, Buddhism, Shinto, and Hinduism: Ancient China, Korea, Japan, and India
• Major Philosophies or Religions in the Ancient Orient
• Confucianism: Confucius
• Taoism: Lao-Zhi (Lao-Tzu)
• Buddhism: Siddhartha Gautama
• Shintoism
• Hinduism
• Chapter 5 Pre-Socratic Greek Philosophers: Cosmologists, Biologists, and Mathematicians
• The Cosmologists (The Physicists): Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes, and Heraclitus
• The Atomists: Leucippus and Democritus
• The Biologists: Empedocles, Alcmaeon, and Hippocrates
• The Mathematicians: Thales and Pythagoras
• Pythagoras of Samos
• Chapter 6 Human Soul and Conduct: The Sophists, Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle
• Relative Versus Absolute Truth
• Parmenides of Elea
• The Sophists: Gorgias and Protagoras
• Socrates
• Plato
• The Psyche
• Aristotle
• Vegetative, Animal and Human Soul
• Sensation
• Common Sense: Recognition and Memory
• Motivation and Ethics
• Chapter 7 Hellenization and the Roman Civilization: Greco-Roman Philosophies of Ataraxia: Cynicism, Skepticism, Epicureanism, and Stoicism
• Hellenization
• The Roman Civilization
• Philosophies of Ataraxia
• Cynicism
• Skepticism
• Epicureanism
• Stoicism
• Chapter 8 New Millennium and New Mentality Based on Greek Philosophy, Roman Law and Christian Faith
• A New Millennium: The Birth of Jesus
• St. Paul
• Roman Medicus Claudius Galenus
• Neo-Platonism: Plotinus
• St. Augustine
• The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire
• Chapter 9 Medieval Civilization: Carolingian Culture, Allocentrism, and Spirituality. Rise of Public Schools and Universities
• Political, Social, and Artistic Events in the Middle Ages
• Struggles for Survival
• The Carolingian Renaissance
• Monasterial Movement
• Epidemic and Pandemic Crises in Asia, the Middle East, Africa, and Europe
• The Crusades
• Gothic Architecture
• From Ancient Schools to Medieval Universities
• The Psychology of Avicenna
• Maimonides
• Pierre Ab?®lard
• Roger Bacon
• Albertus Magnus
• St. Thomas Aquinas
• Chapter 10 Renaissance of Greco-Roman Arts and Hedonism: Egocentrism, Materialism, Demoralization, Inquisition and Reformation
• Transformation of the Zeitgeist: Sociopolitical Background
• Renaissance Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Music, and Literature
• Leonardo da Vinci
• Michelangelo Buonarroti
• Raphael Santi
• Sandro Botticelli
• Flemish Painters of the Renaissance and Baroque
• Architecture
• Music
• Literature
• Commerce, Navigation, and Conquest
• Developments in Medicine and Pharmacology
• Inquisition
• Reformation: Martin Luther
• The Copernican Revolution: Nicolaus Copernicus
• The Post-Renaissance and Baroque Period
• Galileo Galilei
• Psychologically Insightful Literature: William Shakespeare and Miguel de Cervantes
• Management and Support for Science in the Post-Renaissance Period: Francis Bacon
• Chapter 11 Naturalism, Scientific Revolution and Transformation of Mentality
• The Zeitgeist of ""Naturalism"" and ""Enlightenment""
• Scientific, Medical and Technological Discoveries
• Medical Discoveries
• Transportation Tools
• The History of Electricity
• The Learned Societies
• Rationalism Versus Empiricism
• Developments in Music
• Cartesian Philosophy and Psychology: Ren?® Descartes
• Blaise Pascal
• Cartesian-Newtonian Mechanical Worldview: Isaac Newton
• Objective Empiricism and Associationism: John Locke, James Mill, and John Stuart Mill
• Subjective Empiricism: George Berkeley and David Hume
• Double Aspectism, Pantheism, and Rational Ethics: Benedict Baruch Spinoza
• The Mind as a Coding System, Monadology: Gottfried Wilhelm von Leibniz
• The Developments in the German Region
• Return of the Term ""Psychology"": Christian von Wolff
• German Rationalism: Immanuel Kant
• Subconscious Processes: Johann Friedrich Herbart
• Chapter 12 Psychometrics and Psychophysics : The Measurement of the Awareness, Cognitive Skills and Personality Traits
• The Measurement of the Immeasurable
• Sir Francis Galton-Grandfather of Modern Psychology
• Alfred Binet
• David Wechsler
• The Factor-Analytical Approach to the Measurement of Mental Skills and Traits
• The Factor-Analytical Approach to the Personality
• Psychophysics
• Ernst Heinrich Weber
• Gustav Theodor Fechner
• Chapter 13 Relevant Medical Observations and Discoveries in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
• The Invention of Anesthetics and Tranquillizers
• Nervous System Studies
• The Autonomic Nervous System
• The Hormonal System
• Psychosomatic Medicine
• The History of Studies of the Nerves, Neurons, and Neuronal Transmission
• Chapter 14 Psychology as a Modern Science and Practical Profession
• The Circumstances of the Birth of Modern Psychology
• Wilhelm M. Wundt-The Father of Modern Psychology
• Mind, Consciousness, and Volition
• Anthropological, Cultural Psychology
• Structuralism: Edward Titchener
• Chapter 15 Pragmatism and Functionalism in Psychology
• The Zeitgeist-Ortgeist of Colonization, Settlement, and Consolidation on the American Continent
• The Factors Shaping the Settlers' Mentality
• Pragmatism
• Functionalism
• William James - The Father of American Psychology
• James's Major Concepts in Psychology
• Comparison between William James and Wilhelm Wundt
• Hugo M??nsterberg: Applied Psychology
• Granville Stanley Hall: Manager of Psychology
• John Dewey: Educational Psychology
• Robert S. Woodworth: Experimental Psychology
• Chapter 16 Comparative Studies on Animals: Pavlovism and Behaviourism
• Russian Reflexology and Pavlovism
• Ivan Pavlov
• Signal Generalization
• Chaining of Conditioned Responses
• Signal Differentiation (Discrimination)
• Extinction
• Radical Behaviourism: Reductionism
• John Watson
• Edward Thorndike
• Burrhus Frederic Skinner
• Clark Hull: Mathematic-Deductive Behaviourism
• Chapter 17 Neobehaviourism: Social-Cognitive Theory of Selfhood
• From Positivist Physicalism to Neopositivist Operationalism
• Edward Tolman: Cognitive Behaviourism
• Albert Bandura: Social-Cognitive Th eory of Selfhood
• Social Learning
• Modelling of Aggression in the Mass Media
• Modelling in Psychotherapy
• Some Quotations from Bandura's Writings
• The Significant Contributions of Albert Bandura
• Chapter 18 Theories of Instincts in Psychoanalysis
• William McDougall: Hormic Psychology
• Psychoanalysis
• Sigmund Freud
• Instinct and Libido
• Carl Gustav Jung: Analytical Psychology
• Alfred Adler: Individual Psychology
• Karen Danielson Horney: Neurosis in Psychoanalysis
• Erich Fromm: Existential Psychoanalysis
• Chapter 19 Existentialism, Phenomenology, and Humanistic Psychology
• Existentialism
• S?©ren Kierkegaard
• Phenomenalism: Husserl, Heidegger, Binswanger, and Perls
• The Third School: Humanistic-Existential or Rogerian Psychology
• Abraham Maslow: Self-Actualization
• Carl Rogers: Client-Centred Therapy and Counselling
• Chapter 20 Historical Perspective on the Care, Promotion, and Legal Protection of Children
• Views on Development and Childrearing in Ancient and Modern Times
• The Culture, Mirrored in Childrearing
• Parenting Styles
• Baumrind's Parenting Styles
• A Brief History of the Legal Status and Protection of Children and Adolescents
• Chapter 21 Quo Vadis, Modern Positive Psychology?
• The Twentieth-Century Trends Carrying over into the Twenty-First Century
• Computer Modelling and Robotics: Cognitive Psychology
• Neuroscience
• Human Development, Personality, and Social Psychology
• Buddhist, Hindu, and Christian Roots of Positive Psychology
• Modern Positive Psychology
• The Nomothetic Versus the Idiographic Approach
• Fragmentation of the Domain and Its Interdisciplinary Character
• References
• Index