Protoplasmic Streaming

ISBN-13: 9783211805244 / Angielski / Miękka / 1959 / 200 str.

Noburo Kamiya

Opis

Since CORTI (1774) observed for the first time a streaming in plant cells, a history oJ mnre than 180 years has already elapsed in the study of proto plasmic streaming. Durling this period of time, many experiments have been conducted and various discussions have been made nn prntoplasmic streaming, each of them within the limits of the knowledge and techniques of its own times and mnre or less under the influence of the ideas that pre vailed then. With such a long history of research, in spite of all the interest and efforts that have been devoted to it by many, the mechani'sm of this in triguing and complicated binlogical phenomenon is still left far from clear. It is an undeniable fact that one important factor stood in the way in analysing this phenomenon, that is, the limitations in the techniques ap plicable to thi, s research. Another factor lay in the fact that we still have not enough knowledge about the protoplasm regar1ding its structural organisation, mechanochemistry, energetics, rheology, etc., all of which con stitute basic problems in understanding the nature of the streaming.

Spis treści

I. Introduction.- II. Types of Streaming.- 1. General survey.- a) Agitation.- b) Circulation.- c) Rotation.- d) Fountain streaming.- e) Protoplasmic streaming occurring along definite tracks.- f) Protoplasmic streaming in fungal hypkae (tidal streaming).- g) Protoplasmic streaming in myxomycete plasmodia (shuttle streaming).- 2. Change in streaming type.- a) Transition of streaming patterns in intact cells.- b) Development of order in an isolated drop of protoplasm.- III. Rate and Intensity.- 1. Intracellular velocity distribution.- a) Rhizoid cell of Nitella.- b) Leaf cell of Nitella.- c) Plasmodial strand.- 2. Rate.- a) Methods of measurement.- b) Size of particles and its relation to their rate of movement.- c) Length of the cell and its bearing to the rate of flow.- d) Spontaneous changes in the rate of flow in myxomycete Plasmodium.- e) Rate of protoplasmic streaming in various materials.- 3. Course and direction of rotational streaming.- 4. Transport-volume and intensity of flow.- a) Flow intensity in Nitella cells.- b) Intensity of intracapillary streaming in the myxomycete Plasmodium.- IV. Motive Force Responsible for the Protoplasmic Streaming.- 1. Motive force of the rotational streaming.- a) Principle of measurement.- b) Experimental data.- 2. Motive force of the protoplasmic streaming in myxomycete Plasmodium.- a) Outline of the double-chamber method.- b) The curve representing autonomous changes in the motive force —“dynamoplasmogram (DPG)”.- c) Polarity of the motive force.- d) General characteristics of the dynamoplasmogram of the Plasmodium.- e) Simultaneous measurement of the motive force and the potential difference.- f) Simultaneous measurement of the motive force and respiration ..- V. Rhythmicity.- 1. Rhythm of motive force generation in the Plasmodium.- a) Analysis of dynamoplasmogram.- b) Polyrhythmicity of motive force generation in the Plasmodium —concept of intraplasmic interference.- c) Approaches to the study of the causes of rhythmic flow.- 2. Rhythmicity of the protoplasmic motion in plant cells.- a) Bacillaria.- b) Euglena.- c) Spirogyra.- d) Nitella.- VI. Energetics of Protoplasmic Streaming.- 1. Oxygen tension.- 2. Metabolic inhibitors.- a) Cyanide.- b) Carbon monoxide.- c) 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP).- d) Monoiodoacetate (MIA) and fluoride.- 3. The role of ATP in the protoplasmic flow.- a) ATP as the energy source for the motive force production in the myxomycete plasmodium.- b) Effect of ATP on the protoplasmic streaming in plant cells.- 4. Availability of ATP.- VII. Influences of External Factors.- 1. Temperature.- a) Relation between temperature and rate of streaming.- b) Factors participating in the effect of temperature on the streaming rate.- c) The effect of temperature on the motive force of the protoplasmic streaming.- d) Supraoptimal temperature.- e) Sudden change in temperature.- 2. Light.- 3. Ultraviolet rays and other radiations.- 4. Osmotic pressure.- 5. Plasmolysis.- 6. Hydrostatic pressure.- 7. Mechanical pressure.- 8. Gravity.- 9. Centrifugal force.- 10. Electric current.- 11. Action current.- 12. Magnetic field.- 13. Hydrogen ions.- 14 Carbon dioxide.- 15. Salts.- 16. Auxins.- 17. Fat solvents.- 18. Miscellaneous substances.- VIII. Biology and Function of Protoplasmic Streaming.- 1. Inducement of protoplasmic streaming.- a) Chemodinesis.- b) Photodinesis.- 2. Transport of substances.- 3. Locomotion.- 4. Correlation with some physiological activities and seasonal variations.- IX. Experimental Approaches to the Mechanism of Protoplasmic Streaming.- 1. Seat of the motive force in rotational streaming.- a) Deduction from the velocity distribution.- b) Additional evidences showing the participation of cortical layer in rotation.- 2. Streaming caused passively by difference in internal pressure.- 3. Protoplasmic motion in an isolated protoplasmic fragment.- a) Effusion of endoplasm.- b) Protoplasmic motion in an endoplasmic drop.- c) Sliding motion of protuberances at the protoplasmic surface.- 4. Moving fibrils in protoplasm.- 5. The phenomenon of shifting occurring in the plasmagel.- 6. Causal relation between potential difference and the motive force of the protoplasmic streaming.- 7. The mechanochemical system of the protoplasmic streaming.- a) Properties of myosin B in the myxomycete plasmodium.- b) Properties of the glycerinated cell.- X. Theories.- 1. Rotational streaming.- a) Action of endoplasm-vacuole interface.- b) Action of cell surface.- c) Inherent property of streaming protoplasm.- d) Action of sol-gel interface.- 2. Streaming in transvacuolar protoplasmic strand.- 3. Streaming in myxomycete plasmodium.- 4. Independent motion of protoplasmic particles.- XI. Concluding Remarks.- Acknowledgements.- Author Index.