Progress in Botany: Structural Botany Physiology Genetics Taxonomy Geobotany/Fortschritte der Botanik Struktur Physiologie Genetik Systematik Geobotanik

ISBN-13: 9783642785702 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 393 str.

Wolfram Beyschlag

Opis

With one new volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of botany. The present volume includes reviews on structural botany, plant physiology, genetics, taxonomy, and geobotany.

Spis treści

A. Structural Botany.- I. Cell Architecture and Cellular Morphogenesis of Eukariotic Algae (Chlorophyta).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Endomembrane Systems.- a) Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) and Derivatives.- b) Golgi Apparatus (GA).- 3. Semiautonomous Organelles.- a) Chloroplasts.- b) Mitochondria.- 4. Interphase Nucleus.- 5. Cytoskeleton.- a) Phytoflagellates, Zoospores, Gametes.- b) Walled Cells and Giant Coenocytes.- ?) Motility Phenomena with Uncertain Mechanism.- ?) Actin-Based Organelle Transport.- ?) Actin-Based Contraction and Wound Response in Giant Green Coenocytes.- ?) MT-Based Organelle Transport.- ?) Nuclear Rotation in Constricted Desmids.- ?) Mixed Mechanism for Chloroplast Transport.- 6. Cell Division.- 7. Cell Wall.- a) Scales and Thecae.- b) Glycoprotein Walls in the Chlamydophyceae.- c) Noncellulosic and Mixed Polysaccharide Walls.- d) Cellulosic Walls.- ?) Terminal Cellulose Synthetase Complexes (TCs).- ?) Cellulose Microfibril Orientation.- e) Wall Appendages.- 8. Morphogenesis.- a) Morphogenesis by Shaping the Protoplast.- b) Morphogenesis by Spatial Control of Wall Deposition.- c) Morphogenesis by Modification of the Wall.- ?) Spatial Control of Exocytosis.- ?) Sensing the Direction of Strain.- References.- II. Comparative Morphology, Anatomy, and Function of the Stem and Root of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Relationship of Cells to Organisms in Plants.- 3. Interpretations of the Shoot (Organography).- 4. Shoot Architecture and Biomechanics.- a) Patterns of Shoot Growth.- b) Biomechanics.- 5. Stem Anatomy and Function.- a) Apical Meristems.- ?) Shoot Regeneration.- b) Stem Structure.- ?) Lateral Meristems of Monocots.- ?) Dilatation Growth.- c) Nodal Anatomy.- d) Vascular Differentiation.- 6. Root Architecture.- 7. Root Anatomy and Function.- a) Apical Meristem.- b) Root Structure.- ?) Endodermis.- c) Tissue Differentiation.- 8. Wood Evolution.- a) Vessel Element Structure and Evolution.- b) Systematic and Ecological Wood Anatomy.- 9. Hydraulic Conductivity.- a) Stems.- b) Roots.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Electrophysiology of Stomata.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Benefits and Drawbacks of Various Methods.- a) Voltage Clamp on Cells.- b) Patch Clamp on Protoplasts.- c) Combination of Methods.- 3. Major Transport Elements.- a) Proton Pump.- b) K+Inward Rectifier.- c) K+ Outward Rectifier.- d) (2H-Cl)+ Symporter.- e) Cl- Channel.- 4. Additional Transporters.- a) Ca2+Translocators.- b) K+ Translocators.- c) Mechano-Sensitive Channels.- d) Cl- Channels.- 5. Comparative Aspects.- 6. Integrated Model: Electrocoupling.- a) Description of Algorithm.- b) Physiological Voltage Ranges.- c) Osmotic Problem and Dynamic Solution.- d) Experimental Evidence.- e) Range of Validity.- f) Surprises.- g) Limitations.- 7. Final Remark.- References.- II. Exchange of Energy and Vapor Between Plants and the Atmosphere.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Energy Balance and Radiation Perception of the Vegetation.- a) Absorption and Partitioning of Incoming Radiation.- b) Exchange and Partitioning of Sensible Heat.- c) Heat Storage.- 3. Convective and Turbulent Heat and Mass Transfer.- a) Wind Effects and Canopy Structure.- b) Heat and Momentum Exchange by Kinetic Energy Transfer.- 4. Evapotranspiration from Canopy Surfaces.- 5. Large-Scale Assessment of Vegetation Structure and Energy and Matter Exchange by Satellite-Based Remote Sensing.- Appendix: Symbols, Abbreviations, and Physical Constants.- References.- III. Secondary Plant Substances: Ornithine-Derived Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Tobacco Alkaloids.- 3. Tropane Alkaloids.- 4. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids.- References.- IV. Mineral Nutrition: Humid Tropical Forests.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Previous Reviews and Scope.- 3. Nutrient Inventories and Nutrient Balance.- a) Nutrient Input Through Precipitation and Throughfall Enrichment by Nutrient Leaching.- b) Nutrient Concentration in Leaves.- c) Biomass Accumulation, Species Distribution, and Soil Fertility.- 4. Epiphytic Communities and the Dynamics of Nutrients in Humid Tropical Forests.- 5. Nutrient Fluxes in Litterfall, Nutrient Availability and Efficiency of Nutrient Utilization.- 6. Evaluation of Soil Fertility: Fertilization Experiments and Bioassays.- 7. Mineralization of Organic Matter and Nitrogen Availability.- 8. Denitrification.- 9. Assimilation of Inorganic Nitrogen.- 10. Symbiotic Interactions and Nutrient Uptake.- 11. Final Remarks.- References.- V. Geosiphon pyriforme (Kützing) von Wettstein, a Promising System for Studying Endocyanoses.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Organism.- 3. Cytological Structure of the Geosiphon Coenocyte.- 4. Establishment of the Symbiosis, Ontogeny, and Senescense of the Coenocyte.- a) Life Cycle of Nostoc.- b) The Cytosis of Nostoc by the Fungus.- c) Maturation of the Coenocyte.- d) Specificity of Nostoc as Endosymbiont in Geosiphon.- 5. Culturing of Geosiphon.- 6. Metabolism of Geosiphon.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- VI. Significance of Glutathione Metabolism in Plants Under Stress.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Glutathione Synthesis and Degradation.- a) Glutathione Synthesis.- b) Glutathione Degradation.- 3. Glutathione and Heavy Metal Stress.- a) Heavy Metal Binding Peptides.- b) Heavy Metals and Glutathione Metabolism.- 4. Glutathione-Mediated Conjugation of Xenobiotics.- 5. Glutathione in the Compensation of Oxidative Stress.- 6. Glutathione in Plant-Pathogen Interactions.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- VII. A Stress Physiological Role for Abscisic Acid (ABA) in Lower Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Abscisic Acid in Algae.- a) Distribution of Abscisic Acid Within the Algal Kingdom.- b) Abscisic Acid Content and Permeability Coefficients.- c) Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Abscisic Acid.- d) Effect of Stress on the Endogenous ABA Level.- e) The Physiological Role of Abscisic Acid.- 3. Abscisic Acid in Bryophytes.- a) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- b) The Physiological Role of ABA.- ?) Developmental Processes—The Conversion of Submerged Thalli into Terrestrial Forms.- ?) Stomatal Reactions.- ?) Induction of Desiccation Tolerance.- 4. Abscisic Acid in Fungi.- a) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- b) Transport of ABA Across Fungal Membranes.- c) Functions of Fungal ABA.- ?) ABA of Pathogenic Fungi.- ?) ABA in Mycorrhizal and Rhizospheric Fungi.- 5. ABA in Lichens.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- VIII. UV-B Effects on Terrestrial Plants and Aquatic Organisms.- 1. General Introduction.- 2. Effects on Terrestrial Plants.- a) Growth.- b) Photosynthesis and Yield.- c) UV-Protection and Adaptation.- d) Combination Effects.- 3. Effects on Aquatic Organisms.- a) Orientation and Motility.- b) Photosynthesis.- c) Nitrogen Assimilation.- d) UV-B Protection.- e) Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Increase.- References.- IX. Molecular Aspects of Natural and Induced Incompatibility in Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Gametophytic Self-Incompatibility.- 3. Sporophytic Self-Incompatibility.- 4. Cytoplasmic and Nuclear Male Sterility.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication and Cell Cycle Control.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Origins: to Be or not to Be Localized.- 3. Nucleosomes: the Problem Solved?.- 4. Replication Pattern and Chromatin “Flavors”.- 5. Cdc2 and the New Cell Cycle Philosophy.- 6. Amplification: from Complexity to Perplexity.- 7. Evolution and Replication.- References.- II. Recombination: Effects on Structure and Function of the Mitochondrial Genome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organization of the Mitochondrial Genome.- a) Recombination Repeats and Rare Recombination Events.- b) Implications of Nuclear and Chloroplast Sequences.- c) Introns Present in the mtDNA.- d) Plasmids.- 3. Nuclear-Mitochondrial Interactions.- a) Cytoplasmic Male Sterility (CMS).- b) Restoration of Male Fertility.- c) Abnormal Plant Development.- 4. Rearrangements Induced by in Vitro Culture.- 5. Somatic Hybrids.- 6. Transformation Using Mitochondrial Genes.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- III. Mutation: Higher Plants.- 1. Environmental Mutagenesis.- 2. Antimutagenic Plant Substances.- 3. Gene Mutations.- a) Meiotic Mutants.- b) Mutants of Agronomic Interest.- c) Somaclonal Variation.- 4. Genome Mutations.- a) Haploids.- b) Autopolyploids.- c) Allopolyploids.- ?) Natural Allopolyploids, Genome Analyses.- ?) Experimentally Produced Allopolyploids via Gametic Hybridization.- ?) Allopolyploids Through Somatic Hybridization.- d) Polyploids Through Unreduced Gametes.- e) Aneuploids.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Material, Regulation of Genes Encoding Seed Storage Proteins.- 1. Introduction: A Model System of Gene Regulation.- 2. Glossary: Definition of Frequent Expressions.- 3. Overview: Regulation of Storage Protein Synthesis.- 4. Control Structures of Zein Genes.- 5. Trans-Activation of Genes by Regulatory Proteins.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Plastid Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Present Status of Complete Sequencing of Plastid Genomes.- 3. Classification of the Plastid Genes: “Genetic System Genes” and “Photosynthesis Genes”.- 4. Plastid DNA Deletions in Nonphotosynthetic Plants.- 5. RNA Editing in Plastids.- 6. Direct Gene Transfer into Plastids of Higher Plants.- References.- VI. Population Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Significance of Genetic Variability for the Plasticity of a Population/Species.- 3. Population Size and Genetic Variability.- a) Random Genetic Drift.- b) Inbreeding.- 4. Conservation of Genes.- a) Conservation and Breeding.- b) Conservation by Gene Banks.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Lichenized and Lichenicolous Fungi 1991-1992.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Character Investigation.- a) Morphology, Anatomy, and Ontogeny of the Mycobiont.- b) Chemotaxonomy.- c) Molecular Biology.- d) Biology.- e) Phylogeny.- 3. Classification.- a) Lichenized Ascomycetes.- ?) Pyrenocarpous Orders.- ?) Discocarpous Orders.- ?) Other Discocarpous Orders.- b) Incertae Sedis.- c) Lichenicolous Fungi.- 4. Floristics.- a) General.- b) The Northern Extratropics.- ?) Europe.- ?) North America.- ?) Other Areas.- c) The Tropics.- d) The Southern Extratropics.- 5. Chorology.- a) Mapping in Europe.- b) Intercontinental Floristic Affinities.- 6. Ecology.- a) Analysis of Vegetation Structures.- b) External Relations.- 7. Applied Aspects.- a) Pollution Monitoring.- b) Conservation.- References.- II. Molecular Systematics: 1991-1993.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Progress from 1991-1993.- 3. Advances in Methodology.- a) Tissue Preservation/DNA Extraction.- b) PCR/Sequencing Innovations.- c) Genome Analysis.- d) Data Analysis.- 4. Systematic Progess in Algae.- 5. Systematic Progress in Bryophytes.- 6. Systematic Progress in Nonseed Vascular Land Plants.- 7. Systematic Progress in Gymnosperms.- 8. Systematic Progress in Angiosperms.- a) Major Lineages of Flowering Plants.- b) Ordinal Studies.- c) Familial Studies.- 9. Morphological/Molecular Integration.- 10. Hybridization/Introgression.- 11. Biogeography.- 12. Interfacing Ecology and Systematics.- 13. Molecular Clocks.- 14. Future Prospects and Problems.- References.- III. Karyology and Cytogenetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. A Novel Approach: Genomic in Situ Hybridization.- 3. Cold-Sensitive or Cold-Induced Chromosome Regions (CSRs, CIRs).- 4. Karyotypes, Polyploidy, DNA Amounts, and Cytogeographic Distribution.- a) Dicotyledoneae.- b) Monocotyledoneae.- References.- E. Geobotany.- I. Plant Population Ecology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sexual Reproduction and Its Effects on Population Dynamics.- a) Production of Seeds.- b) Dispersal of Seeds.- c) Germination.- d) Seed Bank.- e) Establishment of Seedlings.- 3. Plant-Plant Interference: Competition.- a) Mechanisms of Competition.- b) Self-Thinning in Plant Stands.- c) Changes in Growth Characteristics by Competition.- d) Competition and Community Processes.- 4. The Clonal Growth Form and the Structure of Populations.- a) Architectural Plasticity in Clonal Plants.- b) Physiological Integration and Characteristics of Clonal Growth.- c) Clonal Growth Pattern: Insights from Models.- d) Growth Strategies of Clonal Plants and Their Ecology.- e) Dynamics in Clonal Populations and Recruitment from Seedlings…..- 5. Impact of Herbivory on Plant Populations.- a) Growth Responses of Plants After Herbivore Attack.- b) Induced Anti-Herbivory Defense.- c) Permanent Defense in Plants.- d) Costs of Anti-Herbivory Defense.- e) Stress and Herbivory.- f) Herbivory and Community Processes.- 6. Applied Aspects.- References.