Progress in Botany: Structural Botany Physiology Genetics Taxonomy Geobotany/Fortschritte Der Botanik Struktur Physiologie Genetik Systema

ISBN-13: 9783642762956 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 435 str.

Esser, Karl

Spis treści

A. Structural Botany.- I. Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Prokaryotic Cell.- 1. The Bacterial Nucleoid and Cell Division.- 2. Cell Differentiation.- a) Caulobacter crescentus.- b) Multicellular Morphogenesis in Myxobacteria.- c) Sporulation in Bacillus.- d) The Mechanism of Spore Germination.- 3. The Assembly of Protein Complexes in Membranes.- 4. The Photosynthetic Reaction Center.- References.- II. Endomembrane Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Synthesis of Endomembranes in Plants.- 3. Synthesis of Secretory Proteins.- 4. Receipt of External Molecules by the Endromembrane System.- 5. Transport Through the Golgi Stack.- 6. Exocytosis.- 7. Conclusion.- References.- III. Cytology and Morphogenesis of Pollen and Spores.- 1. Preparation Methods and the Preservation of Structures.- 2. Morphogenesis and Ultrastructure of Pollen and Spore Cytoplasm and Organelles.- 3. Pollen Grain/Spore Walls.- a) Terminology and Homology of Sporoderm Strata.- b) Sporoderm Development and Composition.- 4. The Phylogenetic Significance of the Developmental Aspects of Young and Mature Angiosperm Pollen Walls.- 5. Some Special Topics of Sporoderm Development and Structure.- a) Anther Tapetum.- b) Pollenkitt, Its Origin and Composition.- c) Biosynthesis of Sporopollenin.- d) Substructure of the Exine.- e) The Orbicules.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Plant Water Relations.- 1. Water Relations of Cells and Tissues and Their Effects on Plant Performance.- 2. Root Water Uptake and Water Movement Through the Plant.- 3. Stomatal Control of Transpirational Water Loss.- 4. Effects of Water Relations on Germination and Growth.- 5. Implications of Water Stress.- a) Drought Effects on Metabolism.- b) Drought Resistance.- 6. Implications of Waterlogged Conditions.- 7. Habitat Water Relations and Plant Performance.- 8. Water Relations of Poikilohydric Plants.- References.- II. Mineral Nutrition: Inducible and Repressible Nutrient Transport Systems.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Nitrogen.- a) Induction of Nitrate Transport.- b) Induction and the Identification of the Nitrate Transporter.- c) Transport of Nitrite.- d) Ammonium Transport.- e) Nitrogen Transport and N-Deprivation.- 3. Sulfate.- a) Composite Nature of Sulfate Transport.- b) Regulation of the High Affinity Permease.- c) Co-ordination of Sulfate and Nitrate Transport.- d) Functional Significance of Changes in Permease Activity.- 4. Phosphate.- a) Constitutive and Inducible Transport Systems.- b) Modulation of the Activity of the High Affinity Permease.- c) Induction of Phosphatase and Other Proteins by P-Starvation.- d) The Nature of the Regulatory Pool.- e) Nutritional Significance of Altered Permease Activity.- 5. Potassium.- 6. Sodium.- 7. Iron.- 8. Conclusions.- References.- III. Secondary Plant Substances: Monoterpenoid Indole Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Rauwolfia serpentina.- 3. Catharanthus roseus.- 4. Cinchona ledgeriana.- References.- IV. Photosynthesis. Carbon Metabolism: On Regulation at the Cellular Level and at the Whole Plant Level, and Some Considerations Concerning the Interactions of These Regulatory Events with the Increasing Level of Atmospheric C02.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Uptake of C02.- 3. Environmental Regulation of RuBP Carboxylase Activity.- 4. Chloroplast Enzymes and Their Light-Mediated Regulation.- 5. Starch and Sucrose in Source and Sink Tissues.- 6. Mitochondrial Respiration During Photosynthesis.- 7. Photorespiration.- 8. Metabolism in Stressed Photosynthetic Cells.- 9. C4 Photosynthesis.- 10. C3—C4 Intermediate Photosynthesis.- 11. Photosynthesis and CAM.- 12. The Other C02-Fixing Enzyme: PEP Carboxylase.- 13. Photosynthetic Carbon Metabolism in a Future Atmosphere Containing a High Level of C02.- References.- V. Metabolism of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds.- 1. Nitrogen Fixation.- a) Nitrogen Fixation by Free-Living Microorganisms.- b) Nitrogen Fixation by Symbiotic Microorganisms.- 2. Nitrate Reduction.- a) Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- b) Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction and Denitrification.- 3. Nitrification.- References.- VI. Development: Signals in the Development of Cryptogams.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Green Algae (Chlorophyceae).- a) Events in Mating Chlamydomonads.- ?) Mating Agglutinins.- ?) Cell Wall and Cell Wall Lysis.- b) The Induction System of Volvox.- c) Nucleus-Derived Signals in the Development of Acetabularia.- 3. Brown Algae (Phaeophyceae).- a) Chemotactic Pheromones in Phaeophytes.- b) Polarization of the Zygote in Fucoid Algae.- 4. Red Algae (Rhodophyceae).- a) Morphogenetic Hormones in Rhodophyceae.- 5. Slime Molds (Myxomycetales).- a) Dictyostelium discoideum.- ?) Chemoattraction and Cell/Cell Interactions.- ?) Function of G Proteins in Cell Cycle and Development.- ?) Other Differentiation Signals in Dictyostelium.- ?) Morphogenesis of Fruiting by Differentiation-Inducing Factors (DIF).- ?) Developmental and Differentiation Signals in Other Myxophytes.- 6. Phycomycetales (Fungi).- a) The Luring System of Allomyces macrogyrus and A. arbuscula (Phycornycetae).- b) Steroid Hormones in the Sexual Differentiation of Achlya.- c) Trisporic Acid Pheromones of the Zygomycetales.- 7. Eumycetes (Fungi).- a) Ascomycetes.- ?) Mating in the Budding Yeast Saccharomycescerevisiae.- b) Mating Pheromones of Heterobasidiomycetous Yeasts.- c) Developmental Signals in Aspergillus.- d) Sexual Hormones Inducing Conjugation in the Basidiomycete Tremellamesenterica.- e) Environmental Factors in the Formation of Fruiting Bodies of Basidiomycetes.- 8. Mosses (Bryophyta).- a) Hormones in the Moss Protonema.- b) Chemotactic Signals in the Development of Mosses.- 9. Ferns (Pteridophyta).- a) Chemical Signals Eliciting Morphogenesis in Ferns.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Replication of the Bacillussubtilis Chromosome.- a) Functional Analysis of DNA Replication.- b) The Origin of Replication.- c) Role of Membrane Association of DNA During Replication.- d) Termination of Replication.- 3. Replication of Plasmids by Single-Stranded DNA Intermediates.- a) The (+)-Origin.- b) The Rep Protein and the Sequence of RCR.- c) The(-)-Origin.- d) Regulation of RCR.- References.- II. Recombination: Recombination of Transforming DNA in Fungi.- 1. Introductory Remarks.- 2. Maintenance of Transferred Genetic Material.- 3. Integration of Genetic Material.- a) Recombinative Integration in Yeasts.- b) Integration in Filamentous Fungi.- c) Site-Specific Integration in Eukaryotes.- 4. Stability of Transferred Genetic Material.- a) Stability of Extrachromosomal Vectors.- b) Genomic Rearrangements in Filamentous Fungi Following the Integration of DNA.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- III. Mutation: Construction and Analysis of Cyanobacterial Mutants in Photosynthesis Research.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Random Mutagenesis.- a) Mutagens.- ?) Chemical Mutagens.- ?) Ultraviolet Light.- ?) Transposons.- ?) Interposons.- b) Selection of Photosynthetic Mutants.- 3. Directed Mutagenesis.- a) Interposon Mutagenesis.- b) Gene Fusions.- c) Oligonucleotide-Directed Mutagenesis.- 2. Future Perspectives.- References.- IV. Function of the Genetic Material: Promoter Elements, RNA Polymerase, and Activator Proteins in Lower Eukaryotes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Promotor Elements, TATA-Binding Factors and RNA Polymerase II.- 3. Specific DNA-Binding Proteins.- 4. Molecular Mechanics of Activation.- 5. Protein: Protein Interactions in Transcriptional Control.- 6. The Transmission of Regulatory Signals to the Transcription Machinery.- 7. Conclusions.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Mitochondrial Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Organization.- 3. Transcription.- 4. RNA Editing.- 5. Genes.- 6. Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.- 7. Mitochondrial Plasmids.- References.- VI. Molecular Genetics of Phytopathogenic Fungi.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Development of Molecular Genetic Techniques for Phytopathogenic Fungi.- 3. Achievements.- a) Cutinase.- b) Pisatindemethylase.- c) Ustilago maydis b-Locus.- 4. Conclusion.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics and Evolution of the Algae.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Cyanobacteria.- a) Books and Monographs.- b) Molecular Evolution.- c) Taxonomy.- 3. Euglenophyta.- 4. Dinophyta.- a) Phylogeny.- b) Endosymbiosis.- c) Cellular Organization.- d) Life History.- e) Taxonomy.- 5. Chromophyta.- a) Prymnesiophyceae.- b) Raphidophyceae.- c) Pedinellophyceae.- d) Dictyochophyceae (Silicoflagellates).- e) Eustigmatophyceae.- f) Chrysophyceae.- g) Synurophyceae.- h) Tribophyceae.- i) Fucophyceae.- j) Diatomophyceae.- 6. Chlorarachniophyta.- 7. Cryptophyta.- 8. Rhodophyta.- a) Molecular Evolution.- b) Ultrastructure.- c) Life History.- d) Taxonomy.- 9. Glaucocystophyta.- 10. Chlorophyta.- a) Books, Reviews.- b) Molecular Evolution.- c) Prasinophyceae.- d) Charophyceae.- e) Ulvophyceae.- f) Chlorophyceae.- g) Taxa of Uncertain Affinities.- References.- II. Taxonomy and Phytogeny of Fungi.- 1. General Topics.- a) General Publications.- b) Techniques.- c) Cytology and Ultrastructure.- d) Ecological Groups.- Fungus-like Protoctista.- 2. Myxomycota.- 3. Oomycota.- 4. Chytridiorycota.- Fungi sensu stricto.- 5. Zygomycota.- 6. Ascomycota.- a) Hemiascomycetes.- b) Euascomycetes.- 7. Fungi imperfecti (Deuteromycota).- a) Coelomycetes.- b) Hyphomycetes.- 8. Basidiomycota.- a) General Aspects.- b) Phragmobasidiomycotina (Heterobasidiomycetes).- c) Holobasidiomycotina.- References.- III. Systematics of the Bryophytes.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Morphology, Anatomy.- 3. Chemistry.- 4. Systematic and Evolution.- a) General.- b) Monographs, Revisions.- c) Fossil Bryophytes.- 5. Floristics.- 6. Geography, Ecology.- 7. Pollution Studies.- References.- IV. Systematics of the Pteridophytes.- 1. Systematics.- 2. Bibliography, Collections, Nomenclature.- 3. Floristics.- 4. Geography and Ecology.- 5. Morphology and Anatomy.- 6. Chemotaxonomy.- 7. Cytotaxonomy, Biosystematics, Hybridization.- 8. Folklore, Uses.- 9. Fern Allies.- References.- E. Geobotany.- I. The History of Flora and Vegetation During the Quaternary.- 1. Pleistocene Vegetation History of Central and Northern Asia.- a) Central Asia.- b) East Asia.- c) Northern Siberia.- 2. Palaeohydrology in Northern Eurasia.- References.- II. Vegetation Science (Sociobiological Geobotany).- 1. Introduction.- 2. Monographs and Bibliographies.- 3. General Results and Methods.- a) Symmorphology and Production Biology.- b) Vegetation Dynamics, Succession, and Population Biology.- c) Vegetation-Fauna-Interactions, Biocoenology.- 4. Application for Nature Protection, Nature Conservation, and Landscape Ecology.- 5. Vegetation of the Boreal Zone.- 6. Vegetation of the Temperate and Submeridional Zone.- a) Forests and Shrublands.- b) Aquatic and Litoral Vegetation, Mires.- c) (Semi-)Natural Grasslands and Dwarf Shrub Heaths.- d) Ruderal and Urban Vegetation.- 7. Vegetataion of the Meridional Zone.- a) Forest Vegetation.- b) Steppe and Garrique Vegetation.- 8. Vegetation of Subtropical and Tropical Areas.- References.- III. Ecological Geobotany/Autecology and Ecotoxicology.- 1. General.- 2. Relations of Higher Terrestrial Plants to Environmental Factors.- a) Mineral Nutrients in Soil.- b) Organic Compounds in Soil.- c) Other Chemical Factors and Factor Combinations.- ?) Aluminium.- ?) Heavy Metals.- ?) Salinity.- 3. Relations of Lower Plants to Environmental Factors.- References.