Progress in Botany / Fortschritte Der Botanik: Morphology - Physiology - Genetics Taxonomy - Geobotany / Morphologie - Physiologie - Genetik Systemati

ISBN-13: 9783642486357 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 371 str.

Heinz Ellenberg; Karl Esser; Klaus Kubitzki

Spis treści

A. Morphology.- I. Special Cytology. Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Fungal Cell.- 1. Books, Monographs etc.- 2. Cell Nucleus.- a) Interphase.- b) Division.- 3. Cell Cycle.- a) General.- b) Volume-Regulation of Cell Division.- c) Cytokinesis (Septum Formation).- References.- B. Physiology.- I. Plant Water Relations.- 1. Water Relations of Cells and Tissues.- 2. Water Relations of Germination.- 3. Water Movement Through Plants.- a) Water Uptake.- b) Stomatal Behavior.- c) Water Flow and Resistances Within the Soil-Plant-Atmosphere Continuum (SPAC).- d) Transpiration Patterns.- 4. Implications of Water Shortage.- 5. Water Use and Productivity in Higher Plants.- 6. Habitat Water Relations and Plant Performance.- 7. Water Relations in Poikilohydric Plants.- References.- II. Mineral Metabolism. Absorption and Translocation of Mineral Ions in Higher Plants.- 1. Absorption by the Root 4.- a) Carrier Concept, Membrane ATPase, and Genetic Control.- b) K+/Na+-Selectivity.- c) Active and Passive Ion Absorption.- d) Regulation in the Intact Plant.- 2. Lateral Transport Into the Xylem.- a) Ion Localization and Structural Studies of the Root.- b) Pathways and Mechanisms.- 3. Translocation in Aerial Organs.- References.- III. Photosynthesis. Structure and Function of the Photosynthetic Membrane.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Membranes, Photochemistry, and Electron Transport.- a) Location of Photosynthetic Membranes.- b) Photochemistry and Electron Transport.- c) Location of the Electron Transport Components in the Photosynthetic Membrane.- 3. Pigment-Protein Complexes.- a) Algae and Higher Plants.- b) Emission Spectra of Chlorophyll.- c) Bacteria.- d) Phycobilisomes and “Chlorobium Vesicles”.- References.- IVa. Metabolism of Inorganic Nitrogen Compounds.- 1. Dinitrogen Reduction.- a) Dinitrogen Reduction by Free-Living Organisms.- b) Symbiotic Dinitrogen Reduction.- 2. Nitrate Reduction.- a) Assimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- b) Dissimilatory Nitrate Reduction.- 3. Nitrification.- References.- IVb. Metabolism of Organic N-Compounds. Ammonium Assimilation and Amino Acid Metabolism.- 1. Ammonium Assimilation.- a) Ammonium Assimilation in Phototrophic Tissues.- b) Ammonium Assimilation in Heterotrophic Tissues.- 2. Biosynthesis and Metabolism of Asparagine.- 3. Interconversion of Amide-N and Amino-N in Developing Seeds.- 4. Glycin, Serine.- 5. Ornithine, Arginine, Proline.- 6. Lysine, Threonine, Methionine.- 7. Aromatic Amino Acids.- References.- V. Secondary Plant Substances. Special Topics of the Phenyl-propanoid Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Capsaicinoids, Gingerol, and Related Compounds.- 3. Xanthones and Benzophenones.- 4. Coumarins.- 5. Gliotoxin.- 6. Betalains.- 7. Stizolobic Acid and Related Compounds.- References.- VI. Growth.- 1. Prefatory Remarks.- 2. Gibberellins.- a) Methods of Isolation and Determination.- b) Occurrence.- c) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- d) Mechanism of Action.- 3. Cytokinins.- a) Analytical Methods.- b) Occurrence.- c) Biogenesis and Metabolism.- d) Mode of Action.- References.- VII. Developmental Physiology.- 1. Seed Formation.- a) Carbohydrate Accumulation.- b) Nitrogen and Protein Storage.- c) Lipid Accumulation.- d) Developmental Change During Embryo Formation.- e) RNP-Particles.- f) Phytohormones.- 2. Seed Germination and Seedling Growth.- a) Phytohormones.- b) Germination-Regulating Substances.- c) Temperature Effects.- d) Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism During Germination.- References.- VIII. Bewegungen.- 1. Wachstumsbewegungen.- 2. Polaritätsinduktion.- 3. Phototropismus.- 4. Geotropismus.- 5. Circumnutation.- 6. Epinastie.- Literatur.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication. Replication of the Eukaryotic Chromosome.- 1. Origin and Initiation of DNA Replication.- 2. The Replicon.- 3. Pattern and Control of DNA Replication.- 4. Differential DNA Replication.- References.- II. Recombination. Asexual Recombination in Higher Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Regeneration of Plant Protoplasts.- 3. Subprotoplasts (Miniprotoplasts).- 4. Protoplast Fusion.- 5. Markers and Techniques for Recognition, Isolation, Selection and Characterization of Fusion Products.- 6. Regeneration of Fusion Products.- 7. The Fate of Extrakaryotic Genophores in Fusion Products.- 8. The Fate of Nuclei in Fusion Products.- 9. Chromosomal Behavior in Hybrid Cell Lines.- References.- III. Mutation: Higher Plants.- 1. Methods for Inducing Gene and Chromosome Mutations.- a) Physical Mutagens.- b) Chemical Mutagens.- c) Antimutagenic Substances.- 2. Gene Mutations.- a) Mutation Types.- b) Genes Controlling Meiosis.- c) Induced Mutations in Plant Breeding.- 3. Chromosome Mutations.- a) Translocations in Natural Populations.- b) Experimentally Induced Translocations.- c) Inversions.- 4. Genome Mutations.- a) Haploids and Polyhaploids.- b) Experimentally Produced Autopolyploids.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Material. Organization and Function of the Eukariotic Genome.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Sequence Organization of DNA.- a) Interspersion of Unique DNA.- b) Interspersion of Repetitive DNA.- c) Origin and Evolution of Repetitive DNA.- 3. Fraction of the Genome Coding for Proteins.- a) Gene Number Estimates in Plants.- b) Gene Number Estimates in the Animal Kingdom.- c) Fraction of the Genome Transcribed.- 4. Insertions in Genes.- a) Genes Containing Intervening Sequences.- b) Speculations Concerning the Functions of Inserted Sequences.- 5. New Tools in the Analysis of Eukaryotic Gene Expression.- a) Cloning in Eukaryotic Cells.- b) “Reversed Genetics”.- References.- V. Extranucleäre Vererbung. Die Morphologie extranucleärer Erbträger im Verlauf des Lebenszyklus.- 1. Einleitung.- 2. Variabilität der Mitochondrien- und Piastidengestalt.- 3. Die räumliche Gestalt der Mitochondrien im vegetativen Lebenszyklus.- 4. Die räumliche Gestalt der Piastiden im vegetativen Lebens zyklus.- 5. Die räumliche Gestalt der Mitochondrien im generativen Lebenszyklus.- 6. Die räumliche Gestalt der Piastiden im generativen Lebens zyklus.- Literatur.- VI. Population Genetics.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Gene Frequencies.- a) Mutation and Gene Substitution.- b) Maintenance of Polymorphisms 22.- c) Gene Flow and Divergence Between Populations.- d) Linkage.- 3. Selection.- a) Natural Selection and Fitness.- b) Artificial Selection and Response to It.- c) Environmental Interaction and Heritability.- d) Selection Indexes.- e) Competition.- 4. Population Structure.- a) Breeding Systems (Inbreeding and Heterosis).- b) Evolution and Synthetic Varieties.- 5. Populations of Polyploids, Especially Autotetraploids.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics and Evolution of Seed Plants.- 1. Introduction 2.- 2. Evolutionary Processes.- 3. Methods of Classification.- a) Use of the Categories.- b) Numerical Taxonomy and Cladistics.- 4. Taxonomic Evidence.- a) Morphology and Anatomy.- b) Palynology.- c) Embryology.- d) Karyology and Cytogenetics.- e) Biochemical Systematics.- 5. Reproductive Biology.- a) Flower and Pollination Ecology.- b) Fruit and Seed Dispersal.- c) Apomixis.- 6. Ecology and Population Biology.- 7. Plants and Man.- 8. Systematics in Special Biotopes — the Tropics.- 9. Origin of Angiosperms.- 10. Evolution and Classification of Higher Taxa of Seed Plants.- 11. Classification and Systematics of Seed Plants at the Family Level and Below.- a) Biology and Chemistry of the Compositae.- b) Systematics of the Apiaceae.- c) Other Families.- References.- II. Paläobotanik. Bericht über die Jahre 1975–1978.- 1. Allgemeines.- 2. Schizophyta.- 3. Phycophyta.- 4. Mycophyta.- 5. Bryophyta.- 6. Pteridophyta.- a) Psilophytatae.- b) Lycopodiatae 29.- c) Equisetatae 29.- d) Filicatae.- 7. Spermatophyta.- a) Gymnospermophytina.- b) Angiospermophytina.- Literatur.- E. Geobotany.- I. Areal- und Florenkunde (Floristische Geobotanik).- 1. Forschungstrends.- 2. Taxonomische Grundlagen.- 3. Floristische Grundlagen.- a) Afrika.- b) Malesien und Ozeanien.- c) Australien.- 4. Kartenatlanten, Pilzkartierung.- 5. Areal- und Florengeschichte.- a) Neunachweise ostasiatisch + ostamerikanischer Laubwald-Elemente im europäischen Tertiär.- b) Herkunft der Angiospermen.- c) Entwicklung der Florengebietsgliederung.- d) Disjunktionen Alte + Neue Welt: Kontinentaldrift.- oder FernVerbreitung?.- e) Nord + südamerikanisch semiaride Disjunktionen.- f) Geschichte der Floren des westlichen Nordamerika.- g) Afrikanisch-südeurasische Florenbeziehungen und spättertiär-quartäre Aridisierung.- Literatur.- II. The History of Flora and Vegetation During the Quaternary.- 1. General Problems 32.- 2. Dendrochronology, Paleoclimatology.- 3. History of Distribution Areas.- 4. Paleobotanical Methods.- 5. Paleoethnobotany.- 6. Paleoecology and the Activity of Man.- References.- III. Vegetation Science (Sociological Geobotany).- 1. Reviews, Textbooks, Bibliographies.- 2. General Results and Methods.- a) Numerical and Classic Methods in Vegetation Classification.- b) Vegetation Dynamics.- c) Distributional Patterns and Mosaics of Plant Communities.- d) Vegetation Mapping.- 3. Cold-Resistant Vegetation of North America, Asia and Europe.- a) Aquatic and Littoral Vegetation in North America.- b) Weed and Ruderal Vegetation.- c) Vegetation of Central Asia and Adjacent Areas.- 4. Meridional, Subtropical and Related Vegetation.- a) Mediterranean Vegetation.- b) Vegetation of Central America and Mexico.- 5. Tropical Vegetation of Africa and South America.- a) African Miombo Woodland and Termitaria Vegetation.- b) South American Savanna and Dry Woodland Vegetation.- References.