Progress in Botany / Fortschritte Der Botanik: Morphology - Physiology - Genetics - Taxonomy - Geobotany / Morphologie - Physiologie - Genetik - Syste

ISBN-13: 9783642668050 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 316 str.

Ellenberg, Heinz

Spis treści

A. Morphology.- I. Cytology.- a) General and Molecular Cytology: Plastids.- 1. Proplastids and Etioplasts.- 2. Chloroplasts.- a) General Morphology and Development.- b) Envelope.- c) Thylakoids.- d) Matrix.- 3. Chromoplasts.- References.- b) Special Cytology: Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Fungal Cell.- 1. Cytochemistry.- a) Enzymes.- b) Ions.- c) Polysaccharides.- d) DNA.- 2. Protoplasts.- a) Production.- b) Reversion.- c) Fusion.- 3. Microbodies (MB).- a) Occurrence and Significance.- b) Morphology and Cytochemistry.- c) Biochemistry.- 4. Mycoviruses.- a) Newsletter.- b) Occurrence.- c) Killer Systems.- 5. Spores.- a) Methods.- b) Sporocarps.- c) Ontogeny.- d) Germination.- References.- II. Morphology and Anatomy of Higher Plants: Oberflächenskulpturen bei höheren Pflanzen.- 1. Vorbemerkung.- 2. Allgemeines.- 3. Spezielle Untersuchungen.- a) Präparationsmethoden.- b) Sproßachsen und Blätter.- c) Blüten, Früchte und Samen.- d) Pollen.- Literatur.- B. Physiology.- I. Mineral Metabolism: Function of Mineral Elements.- 1. General Aspects.- a) Mineral Nutrition in Relation to Function of Mineral Elements.- b) Mineral Elements and Enzymes.- c) Mineral Elements in Photosynthesis.- 2. Function of Particular Elements.- a) Potassium.- b) Calcium.- c) Boron.- d) Other Micronutrients.- 3. Requirement for and Possible Function of Other Elements.- a) Cobalt, Silicon, and Bromine Requirements.- b) Possible Roles of Aluminium, Vanadium, Nickel, and Barium.- References.- II. Photosynthesis: Biophysical Aspects.- 1. Introduction.- 2. General Survey of Photosynthetic Electron Transport in Algae and Higher Plants.- a) The “Z-Scheme” of Electron Transport.- b) Acceptors of System I.- c) The Acceptor Side of System II.- d) The Pathway of Water Oxidation.- 3. Electron Acceptors of Bacterial Photosynthesis.- 4. Electrochromism of Photosynthetic Pigments.- References.- III. Carbohydrate Metabolism.- 1. The Structure of Cell Wall Polysaccharides.- a) Cell Wall Polysaccharides from Normal Plant Tissues and Suspension-Cultured Cells.- b) Cell Wall Polysaccharides Functioning as Storage Material in Seeds, Bulbs and Tubers.- 2. The Role of the Various Cell Wall Polysaccharides in the Molecular Architecture of the Wall.- 3. Biosynthesis of Cell Wall Polysaccharides.- a) Biosynthesis of Monomers.- b) Biosynthesis of Polymers.- 4. Degradation of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides.- a) Pectic Enzymes.- b) Hemicellulases.- c) Cellulases.- References.- IV. Secondary Plant Substances. The Monoterpene Indole Alkaloids.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Monoterpene Part.- 3. The Sequential Pathway of Indole Alkaloid Biosynthesis.- 4. Strychnine.- 5. Vincaleukoblastine.- 6. Stereoselectivity of the Indole Alkaloid Biogenesis.- 7. Alkaloids Related to Monoterpene Indoles.- a) Quinine.- b) Apparicine and Uleine.- c) Camptothecine.- 8. Alkaloid Formation in Cell Cultures and Cell-free Systems.- References.- V. Growth.- 1. Gibberellins.- a) Methods of Isolation and Determination.- b) Biosynthesis and Metabolism.- c) Mechanism of Action.- 2. Cytokinins.- a) Occurrence.- b) Extraction and Determination.- c) Biogenesis and Metabolism.- d) Mode of Action.- References.- VI. Developmental Physiology.- 1. Senescence.- a) Cytomorphologic Aspects.- b) Changes in Cell Metabolism.- 2. Apical Dominance.- a) Apical Dominance in Lower Plants.- b) Regulation of Apical Dominance.- c) Hormonal Signals.- d) External Factors.- e) Apical Senescence.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication: Organization and Replication of the Eukaryotic Chromosome.- 1. Organization of the Eukaryotic Chromosome.- a) Genome Organization.- b) Chromatin Organization: Nucleosomes.- 2. Replication of the Eukaryotic Chromosome.- a) The Replicon.- b) Mechanism of DNA Replication.- c) Control of DNA Replication.- d) Patterns of DNA Replication.- e) Chromatin Biosynthesis and Distribution of Nucleosomes.- 3. Differential DNA Replication.- 4. Towards a New Understanding of the Nuclear DNA.- References.- II. Mutation.- 1. Methods for Inducing Gene and Chromosome Mutations.- a) Physical Mutagens.- b) Chemical Mutagens.- c) Antimutagenic Substances.- 2. Gene Mutations.- a) Mutation Types.- b) Genetic Control of Meiosis and Germ Cell Formation.- c) Genetic Control of Seed Protein Production and Composition.- 3. Chromosome Mutations.- a) Experimentally Produced Chromosome Mutations.- b) Chromosome Mutations in Natural Populations.- 4. Genome Mutations.- a) Haploids.- b) Trisomies.- c) Autopolyploids.- d) Allopolyploids.- References.- III. Function of the Genetic Material: Expression of Nuclear Genes in Higher Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Transcription.- a) DNA-Dependent RNA Polymerization.- b) Synthesis and Structure of Ribonucleic Acids.- 3. Translation.- a) Processes and Factors Involved in Translation.- b) Translation in Heterologous Eukaryotic Systems.- 4. Expression of Bacterial Genes in Higher Plant Cells.- References.- IV. Extranuclear Heredity: The Phylogenic Origin of Extranuclear Heredity.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Origin of the Structure of Plastids and Mitochondria.- 3. Origin of the Genetic Apparatus in Plastids and Mitochondria.- 4. Recent Endosymbioses and Final Considerations.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics and Evolution of Seed Plants.- 1. Contemporary Objectives in Systematics.- a) Relationships Between Classification and Phylogeny.- b) Building Evolutionary Classifications.- c) Use and Meaning of Taxonomic Categories.- d) Handling Diversity.- e) Future Perspectives.- 2. Morphology and Anatomy.- a) General Problems.- b) Vegetative Characters.- c) Flower Structures.- d) Embryology and Palynology.- e) Ovule and Seed Structures.- 3. Chemical Systematics.- a) Macromolecular Data.- b) Micromolecular Data.- 4. Karyology and Cytogenetics.- a) Classificatory Evidence of Chromosome Numbers.- b) Karyotypes and DNA Content.- c) Cytogenetics.- d) Variation of Chromosome Numbers.- 5. Reproductive Biology.- a) Evolution of Self-Incompatibility.- b) Heterostyly and Dioecy.- c) Process of Pollination.- d) Alio- and Autogamy, and Their Causative Factors.- e) Apomixis.- f) Dispersal.- 6. Tracing Evolution.- a) Differentiation of Populations.- b) Divergence of Populations.- c) Hybridization.- d) Populations in Time and in Space.- e) Reciprocal Evolution.- 7. Plants and Man.- 8. Evolution and Classification of Seed Plants.- a) Early Evolution of Angiosperms — Facts and Fiction.- b) Evolution and Classification of Higher Taxa of Seed Plants.- c) Classification and Systematics of Angiosperms at the Family Level and Below.- References.- E. Geobotany.- I. The History of Flora and Vegetation During the Quarter nary.- 1. General Paleoecologic Problems.- 2. Pleistocene and Holocene Vegetation History of the Mediterranean Region 2.- 3. Central Europe.- References.- II. Vegetation Science (Sociological Geobotany).- 1. Reviews, Textbooks, Bibliographies.- 2. General Results and Methods.- a) Some Trends in Numerical Classification and in Syntaxonomy.- b) Ordination Methods and Gradient Analysis.- c) Aspects of Diversity.- 3. Temperate and Arctic Vegetation of Europe, Northern Asia and North America.- a) Subboreal Broad-leaved Deciduous Forests in Northern and Eastern Europe.- b) Xerothermic Vegetation in Central and Western Europe.- c) Natural Treeless Dry Vegetation in Eastern North America.- d) Salt Marshes of Western and Central Europe and of North America.- 4. Meridional and Subtropical Vegetation of Climatically Mainly Arid and Semiarid Regions.- a) Arid and Semiarid Vegetation of Australia.- b) Vegetation of the Canary Islands and of Madeira.- c) South Mediterranean Halophytic Vegetation.- d) Vegetation of Central Asia.- 5. Tropical Vegetation.- a) Tropical Ombrophilous Forests (= Rain Forests)….- b) Páramo and Puna of the South American Andes.- c) Vegetation of the Galapagos Islands.- References.- III. Experimental Ecology.- 1. General.- 2. Relations to Environmental Factors.- a) Climate, Mainly Temperature.- b) Light.- c) Water.- d) Soil, Mainly Mineral Nutrients.- e) Other Chemical Factors.- f) Fire Ecology.- 3. Productivity and Ecosystem Research.- a) Photosynthesis.- b) Biomass and Productivity.- c) Litter Fall and Nutrient Cycle.- References.- IV. Symbiosen: Mykorrhiza.- 1. Einführung.- 2. Endomykorrhiza.- a) Symbiosepartner.- b) Aufbau.- c) Physiologie.- d) Einfluß auf die Wirtspflanze und Ökologie.- 3. Ektomykorrhiza.- a) Symbiosepartner.- b) Aufbau.- c) Physiologie.- d) Einfluß auf die Wirtspflanze und Ökologie.- Literatur.