Progress in Botany

ISBN-13: 9783642644153 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 619 str.

Opis

With one new volume each year, this series keeps scientists and advanced students informed of the latest developments and results in all areas of botany.
The present volume includes reviews on structural botany, plant taxonomy, physiology, genetics and geobotany.

Spis treści

Review.- Fungal Genetics: From Fundamental Research to Biotechnology.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Trends in Fundamental Research.- a) Chromosomal Genetics.- ?) Breeding Systems (first step, Fig. 1).- ?) Recombination (second step, Fig. 1).- ?) Gene Expression (third step, Fig. 1).- b) Extrachromosomal Genetics.- ?) Mitochondria (fourth step, Fig. 1).- ?) Plasmids (fifth step, Fig. 1).- ?) Genetic Engineering (sixth step, Fig. 1).- ?) General Importance.- 3. Trends in Biotechnology.- a) Chromosomal Genetics.- b) Extrachromosomal Genetics.- c) General Importance.- 4. Trends in the Future.- 5. Conclusion.- References.- A. Structural Botany.- I. Cytology and Morphogenesis of the Prokaryotic Cell.- 1. Morphogenesis and Cellular Differentiation.- a) New Aspects of Shape Determination: a Tubulin-Homologue in Bacteria.- b) “Two-Competing Site” (TCS) Model for Shape Regulation.- c) Caulobacter crescentus as Model Organism for Cellular Differentiation.- ?) Chemotactic Machinery.- ?) Assembly of the Flagellum.- ?) Regulation of Cell Division and Biosynthesis of Cell Appendages.- ?) Control of Chromosome Replication.- 2. New Aspects of Cellular Compartmentation: Influence of Membraneous Compartments on Enzyme Activity.- 3. New Aspects of the Structure of Polyhydroxyalcanoic Acid (PHA) Granules.- 4. Macromolecular Structures of the Cell Envelope.- a) New Aspects of S-Layer-Structure.- ?) S-Layer as Adhesion Site for Polymer-Degrading Exoenzymes.- ?) S-Layers as Molecular Sieves and Immobilization Structures for Macromolecules.- b) Two Unusual Filamentous Proteins of the Cell Envelope.- ?) Tetrabrachion.- ?) Omp?.- References.- II. Cell Morphogenesis of the Algae: Cell Coverings and Extracellular Mucilage.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cell Locomotion and Adhesion.- a) Desmid Gliding and Rising.- b) Diatom Gliding and Stalk Formation.- 3. Cell Surface Modification and Cell-Cell Recognition.- a) Sexual Agglutination and Surface Motility in Chlamydomonas.- b) The Haptonema and Cell Surface Phenomena in Prymnesiophyte Algae.- c) Sexual Agglutination in Dinoflagellates.- d) Cell Surface Recognition During Red Algal Cell Repair.- e) Sperm/Egg Recognition and Fertilization-Induced Exocytosis in Phaeophyte Eggs.- f) Ejectisomes, Mucocysts, Red Algal Spermatangial Vesicles.- g) Cellular Adhesion Molecules (Algal-CAMs) in Volvox.- 4. Cell Wall.- a) Scales and Flagellar Hairs.- b) Silica Scale Case in the Synurophyceae.- c) Spine Scale Formation and Deployment in the Pedinellophyceae.- d) Calcified Scales in the Prymnesiophyceae.- e) Silica Wall Casings in Diatoms.- f) Glycoprotein Walls.- g) Mixed Polysaccharide Walls.- 5. Polarity, Morphogenesis, and Cell Fate.- a) Polarity and Cell Fate Determination in Phaeophyte Zygotes.- b) Putative Role of Actin in Cell Morphogenesis of Micrasterias.- c) Cell Wall Microfibril Orientation and Cell Expansion in Siphonoclads.- References.- III. Comparative Morphology, Anatomy, and Function of the Stem and Root of the Flowering Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Interpretations of the Shoot (Organography).- 3. Shoot Architecture.- a) Patterns of Shoot Growth.- b) Biomechanics.- 4. Stem Anatomy and Function.- a) Apical Meristems.- b) Structure and Function of Dicotyledons.- c) Structure and Function of Monocotyledons.- d) Parasitic Plants.- 5. Vascular Cambium and Secondary Growth.- 6. Root Architecture and Biomechanics.- 7. Root Anatomy and Function.- 8. Wood Anatomy.- 9. Hydraulic Conductivity.- a) Stems.- b) Roots.- References.- B. Physiology.- I. The in Situ Analysis of Intracellular Aluminium in Plants.- 1. Aluminium, Plant Growth, and Crop Productivity.- a) In Situ Analysis of Intracellular Al.- b) Might Intracellular Al Play a Direct Role in Al Toxicity?.- ?) Cell Biological Considerations.- ?) Whole Plant Physiological Objections.- c) Studying Early Effects at Low Exogenous Al Levels.- ?) Relevance of Initial Effects to Whole-Plant Response.- ?) Prolonged Al Exposure, Cell Damage, and Physiological Conditions.- d) Microlocalized Monitoring of Al Effects.- 2. Previous Studies of Intracellular Al.- a) Bulk Analysis of Tissues.- b) Staining and Fluorescent Microscopy.- c) Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis.- d) Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometry.- 3. Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry.- a) Sensitivity.- b) Lateral Resolution.- ?) Designating SIMS Image Areas as Intracellular.- c) Quantification Methods.- d) Root Background, Trace Levels, and Contamination.- 4. Absorption of Al into Root Cells.- 5. Future Directions.- References.- II. Regulatory Interaction of Carbon- and Nitrogen Metabolism.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Storage of C- and N Compounds May Buffer Fluctuations in C- and N Supply.- 3. How N Regulates C.- a) PEP Carboxylase (PEPC, EC 4.1.1.31).- ?) Regulation of PEPC Gene Expression.- ?) Allosteric Properties and Posttranslational Modulation of PEPC.- b) Sucrose Synthesis.- c) Starch Synthesis.- d) Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Cycle.- 4. How C Regulates N.- a) Nitrate Uptake.- b) Nitrate Reduction.- ?) Regulation of NR Gene Expression.- ?) Posttranslational Control of NR.- 5. Prospects.- References.- III. Regulation of Sulfur Metabolism in Plants: First Molecular Approaches.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction in Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium.- 3. Assimilatory Sulfate Reduction in Plants.- a) Adenylation and Phosphorylation.- b) Reduction.- c) Cysteine Formation.- 4. Glutathione Synthesis.- a) The Pathway of Glutathione Synthesis.- b) Regulation of Glutathione Synthesis.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- IV. Photosynthesis. Carbon Metabolism: The Carbon Metabolisms of Unstressed and Stressed Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Production of Photosynthate, and Some Comments on its Movement and Deposition.- a) RuBP Carboxylase.- b) Other Calvin Cycle Enzymes.- c) Plastids and Their Envelope Transporters.- d) Starch and Fructans.- e) Sucrose Production.- f) Sucrose Movement and Deposition.- g) Mitochondrial Respiration and Chlororespiration.- 3. The “Stress” of Inadequate CO2.- a) Uptake of Inorganic Carbon by Eukaryotic Cells.- b) C4 Plants.- c) Photorespiration.- d) Experiments with High-CO2 Atmospheres.- 4. Other Stresses, and Stress-Relief Mechanisms.- a) Ascorbate, Zeaxanthin and Photoinhibition.- b) The Stress of Low Temperature.- c) The Stress of Low Water Availability.- d) Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM).- e) The Stress of Ultraviolet Radiation.- f) The Stress of Pathogens.- References.- V. Functions and Responses of the Leaf Apoplast Under Stress.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Structure and Basic Biochemistry of the Leaf Apoplast.- a) Volumes of the Apoplast and Intercellular Gas Space of Leaves.- b) Composition of the Intercellular Gas Space.- c) Solute Composition of the Leaf Apoplast.- d) Apoplasmic Proteins.- e) Cell Wall Structure.- 3. Abiotic Stress.- a) Oxidative Stress and Air Pollutants.- ?) Ozone.- ?) Redox Control of the Apoplasmic Ascorbate System.- ?) Sulfur Dioxide.- b) Nutrient Status.- c) Heavy Metal Toxicity.- d) Salt Stress.- e) Drought and Cold Stress.- f) Xenobiotics.- 4. Apoplasmic Responses to Biotic Stress: Pathogenesis, Elicitors and Wounding.- 5. Outlook.- References.- VI. Secondary Plant Substances. Diterpenes.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Abietane.- 3. Tobacco Diterpenes.- 4. Casbene.- 5. Rice Phytoalexins.- 6. Kaurene.- 7. Taxane.- References.- VII. The Pore/Plasmodesm Unit: Key Element in the Interplay Between Sieve Element and Companion Cell.- 1. Introduction.- 2. The Diverse Tasks of the SE/CC in the Successive Sections of the Phloem.- 3. The Plasmodesmatal (Dis)continuity of the SE/CC in Transport Phloem.- 4. The Interaction of SE and CC in Transport Phloem.- 5. The Pore/Plasmodesm Units (PPUs).- 6. Transfer of Energy Through the PPU.- 7. Phloem-Specific Proteins.- 8. Trafficking of Nuclear Information Through the PPU.- 9. Protein and mRNA Movement Through Plasmodesmata Between Parenchymatous Cells.- 10. Differences Between Parenchymatous Plasmodesmata and PPUs.- 11. Protein Movement Through the PPU.- References.- C. Genetics.- I. Replication: Arrest of Prokaryotic DNA Replication.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Bacillus subtilis.- a) The Replication Terminus.- b) The Inverted Repeat Region and RTP.- c) RTP-Mediated Arrest of Replication.- 3. Escherichia coli.- a) Termination Sites in the Chromosome.- b) Ter Sites in Plasmids.- c) The Tus Protein.- d) Tus and the Terminators.- 4. Helicase Inhibition and the Mechanism of Replication Arrest.- 5. Conclusions.- References.- II. Recombination: Meiotic Recombination in Fungi.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Cytological Aspects.- a) Chromosome Pairing.- b) Formation of the Synaptonemal Complex.- c) Recombination Nodules and Chiasmata.- d) Cross-Over and Chromosome Segregation.- 3. Genetic Evidence for Recombination.- a) Segregation Patterns.- b) Polarity of Gene Conversion.- 4. Recombination Models.- a) The Holliday Model.- b) The Meselson-Radding Model.- c) The Double-Strand Break and Gap Repair Model.- 5. Molecular Events in Meiotic Recombination.- a) Recombination Intermediates.- b) Hotspots.- c) Coldspots.- d) Proteins and Genes Involved in Recombination.- ?) Proteins in Chromosomal Structure.- ?) Proteins of the “Recombinosome”.- ?) DNA Strand Exchange.- ?) hDNA and Mismatch Repair Proteins.- ?) Proteins of the SC.- 6. Conclusions.- References.- III. Mutation: Site-Directed Mutagenesis for Structure-Function Analyses of the Photosystem II Reaction Center Protein D1.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Phylogenetic Conservation of the D1 Amino Acid Sequence.- 3. Folding Pattern for the D1 Protein.- 4. Structure-Function Analyses of Organisms with Mutated D1 Proteins.- a) The Water-Plastoquinone Oxido-Reductase Activity.- b) D1 Protein Turnover.- c) Translocation and Assembly.- References.- IV. Function of Genetic Material Molecular Biology of Environmentally Stressed Plants.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Analytical Strategies for Responses to Stress.- 3. Current Understanding.- a) Drought.- ?) ABA Responsive Genes Induced by Drought.- ?) Genes Regulated During Drought Stress Independently of ABA.- b) Flooding.- c) Heat Shock.- ?) Small Heat Shock Proteins.- ?) The HSP70 class.- ?) The HSP82/90 class.- ?) The HSP100 class.- d) Cold Response and Cold Acclimation.- e) High Salinity/Osmotic Stress.- f) UV Light.- g) Oxidative Stress.- 4. Conclusions and Strategies to Improve Stress Tolerance.- References.- V. Extranuclear Inheritance: Genetics and Biogenesis of Mitochondria.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Mitochondrial Genomes.- 3. Mitochondrial Transcription.- a) Components for Mitochondrial Transcription: a Universal Picture from Yeast to Plants.- b) Problem of Promoter Consensus Sequences and Species Specificity.- c) Other Mechanisms for Regulation of Plant Mitochondrial Gene Expression.- 4. RNA Editing in Mitochondria.- a) General Aspects.- b) Partial Editing.- c) Mechanism of RNA Editing.- 5. Protein Import into Mitochondria.- a) The General Import Pathway.- b) The Mitochondrial Protein Import Pathway of Higher Plants.- ?) Cytosol.- ?) Outer Membrane.- ?) Inner Membrane.- ?) Matrix.- ?) Targeting Sequences.- 6. Concluding Remarks.- References.- VI. Genetics of Phytopathogenic Bacteria.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Phytotoxins.- a) Phaseolotoxin.- b) Coronatine.- c) Tabtoxin.- d) Syringomycin.- 3. Phytohormones.- 4. hrp Genes.- a) Isolation and Function of hrp Genes.- b) Harpins.- c) Regulation of Expression of hrp Genes.- 5. Outlook.- References.- VI. Biotechnology with Plants - an Overview.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Methods for Gene Transfer and Expression of Foreign DNA in Higher Plants.- a) Agrobacterium-mediated Transformation.- b) Transformation of Protoplasts.- c) Biolistic Transformation.- d) Other Techniques and Targeted Gene Expression.- e) Unsolved Issues.- 3. Improvements in Agriculture.- a) Enhancing Plant Resistance.- b) Herbicide Resistance.- c) Transgenic Male Sterile Plants.- 4. Production of New of Modified Carbohydrates.- a) Lipids and Starch.- b) Biodegradable Plastics.- 5. Production of Alkaloids - Medical Plants.- 6. Antibodies in Higher Plants.- 7. Current Use of Genetically Engineered Plants and Future Aspects.- References.- VIII. Genetics of Grapevine Breeding.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Vitis Germplasm.- a) Wild Species.- b) Mutations.- 3. Genetic Variability.- a) Abiotic Stress Tolerance.- ?) Winter Hardiness.- ?) Drought Tolerance.- ?) Tolerance to Chlorosis.- ?) Salt Tolerance.- b) Biotic Stress Resistance.- 4. Improvement of Grapevine Cultivars.- 5. Final Remarks.- References.- D. Taxonomy.- I. Systematics of the Bryophytes.- 1. General Aspects.- 2. Morphology, Anatomy.- 3. Chemotaxonomy.- 4. Systematics and Evolution.- a) Hepatics and Hornworts.- b) Mosses.- c) Fossil Bryophytes.- d) Nomenclature.- 5. Floristics.- a) General.- b) Floras.- c) Atlases.- d) Checklists.- e) Conservation.- 6. Geography.- 7. Ecology.- a) General.- b) Pollution.- References.- II. Molecular Systematics: 1994–1995.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Progress from 1994 to 1995.- 3. Advances in Methodology.- a) DNA Extraction.- b) PCR/Sequencing Innovations.- c) Genome Analysis.- d) Data Analysis.- 4. Systematic Progress in Nonangiosperms.- 5. Systematic Progress in Angiosperms.- a) Magnolids.- b) Rununculids.- c) Caryophillids.- d) Rosids.- e) Asterids.- f) Monocots.- 6. Hybridization/Introgression.- 7. Polyploid Origins.- 8. Biogeography.- 9. Interfacing Ecology and Systematics.- 10. Future Prospects and Problems.- References.- E. Geobotany.- I. Vegetation Science in Northern Europe.- 1. General.- 2. Plant Community and Site Complexes.- a) Forests.- b) Aquatic and Littoral Vegetation.- c) Mire Vegetation.- d) Coastal Vegetation.- e) The Vegetation of the Alpine Belt and Arctic Regions.- f) Oligohemerobic Sites in the Cultural Landscape.- g) Plant Communities on Euhemerobic Sites.- References.- F. Special Topics.- I. Mycorrhizae: Ectotrophic and Ectendotrophic Mycorrhizae.- 1. Ectomycorrhizae.- a) Symbiotic Organisms and Morphology/Anatomy of the Symbiotic Organs.- ?) Comprehensive Descriptions of Selected Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Unidentified Ectomycorrhizae Named Binominally.- ?) Verification of the Ectomycorrhizal Nature of Fungi, Including Short Descriptions.- ?) Unusual Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Strain Variability of Fungi Regarding Ectomycorrhiza Formation.- ?) Verification of the Ectomycorrhizal Nature of Some Selected Plants.- ?) Influence of Tree Clones on Ectomycorrhiza Formation (see also Sect, l.a.e).- b) Ontogeny and Ultrastructure (see also Sects, 1.e.i, and 1.f.?).- c) Protein Pattern, Pigments.- d) Nucleic Acid Research.- e) Physiology.- ?) Formation of Protoplasts.- ?) Substances Assumed as Important for Formation of Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Recognition (cf. also Sect, l.f.?).- ?) Enzymes.- ?) Carbon Nutrition of Ectomycorrhizae.- ?) Growth Responses of Plants.- ?) Phosphate Nutrition.- ?) Nitrogen Nutrition (cf. also Sect, l.e.?).- ?) Other Macronutrients (see also Sect. l.e.?.?,).- ?) Micronutrients.- ?) Water.- f) Ecology.- ?) Host Specificity (cf. also Sect l.e.?).- ?) Ecological Laboratory Research.- ?) Research in Natural Habitats (see also Sect, l.d).- ?) Coexistence with Other Organisms.- ?) Influence by Man.- g) Methods.- h) Additional Reviews.- 2. Ecentdomycorrhiza (see also Sect, l.e.?) - Arbutoid Mycorrhiza - Monotropoid Mycorrhiza.- 3. Some Highlights of This Report Period.- References.- II. Mycorrhizae: Endomycorrhizae.- 1. Introduction.- 2. Arbuscular Mycorrhizae.- a) AM Spores.- b) Spore Germination and Culture.- c) Early Events of Symbiosis.- d) Intraradical Colonization.- e) Soil Hyphae.- f) Phosphorus Uptake and Transport.- g) Nitrogen Uptake and Transport.- h) Hormones.- i) Carbon Metabolism.- k) Micronutrients.- l) Identification.- m) Systematics and Taxonomy.- n) Ecological Aspects.- o) Bioassays.- p) Coexistence of AM Fungi with Other Organisms.- q) Ecotoxicology.- r) Practical Use of AM in Agriculture and Horticulture.- 3. Ericoid Mycorrhizae.- 4. Orchid Mycorrhizae.- References.