Production of Sugarcane: Theory and Practice

ISBN-13: 9783642781353 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 245 str.

Gururaj Hunsigi; A. G. Alexander

Opis

Presented here is a comprehensive account of both theoretical and practical aspects of sugarcane production. The first of two parts of the book deals with origin, distribution, soil and climatic requirements, seed bed preparation, cultural and nutrient requirements, fertilization, irrigation, ratooning, weeds, pests, diseases, ripening, and harvest. In thesecond part, energy and fibre cane, cane development, and manufacturing techniques of sugar and by-products are treated in detail. This book will serve as a vademecum for cane growers, sugar and sugarcane technologists, students and teachers.

Spis treści

I.- I Overture.- 1.1 The Challenge from Artificial Sweeteners.- 1.2 Sugar Agreements.- 1.3 Sugar and Sugarcane Production Trends.- 1.4 Production Potential of Sugarcane.- 1.5 Crop Growth Regulants and Cane/Sugar Production.- 1.6 Crop Models.- 1.7 Ideotypes.- 2 Introduction.- 2.1 History.- 2.2 Origin and Distribution.- 2.3 The Saccharum Complex.- 2.4 Noble Canes and Nobilization.- 2.5 Flowering and Its Control.- 2.6 The Advent of Short Duration/Early Maturing Rich Cane Cultivars.- 2.7 Varietal Decline.- 2.8 Some Applications of Biotechnology to Sugarcane.- 3 Soil and Climatic Requirements.- 3.1 Soils.- 3.1.1 Soil Classification.- 3.1.2 Physicochemical Properties of Soils Influencing Sugarcane Growth.- 3.1.2.1 Structure.- 3.1.2.2 Bulk Density.- 3.1.2.3 Soil Atmosphere.- 3.1.2.4 Thermal Properties.- 3.1.2.5 Water Retention and Transport Characteristics.- 3.1.3 The Rhizosphere.- 3.1.4 Problem Soils.- 3.1.4.1 Saline-Sodic Soils.- 3.1.4.2 Acid Soils.- 3.2 Climate.- 3.2.1 Carbon Dioxide Concentration.- 3.2.2 Pollutants.- 3.2.3 Light.- 3.2.4 Frost Stress.- 3.2.5 Temperature.- 3.2.6 Rainfall and Humidity.- 3.2.7 Other Climatic Parameters.- 4 Seed Bed Preparation, Methods of Planting, After-Care and Cropping Systems.- 4.1 Conventional vs. Minimum Tillage.- 4.2 Planting Methods.- 4.3 Spacings and After-Care.- 4.4 Intercropping and Cropping Systems.- 5 Nutrient Requirements and Fertilization.- 5.1 Nitrogen.- 5.1.1 Nitrogen Concentration and Uptake.- 5.1.2 Nitrogen Use Efficiency.- 5.1.3 Interaction with Genotype and Other Nutrients.- 5.1.4 Nitrate Reduction.- 5.1.5 Slow-Acting N Fertilizers.- 5.1.6 Biological Nitrogen Fixation.- 5.1.7 Nitrogen Sources, Time and Method of Application.- 5.1.8 Nitrogen and Juice Quality.- 5.1.9 Response of Sugarcane to Nitrogen.- 5.2 Phosphorus.- 5.2.1 Fixation of Phosphorus.- 5.2.2 Types of Phosphorus Carrier and Methods of Application.- 5.2.3 Response of Sugarcane to Added Phosphorus.- 5.2.4 Vesicular—Arbuscular Mycorrhizae (VAM).- 5.2.5 Interactions of Phosphorus.- 5.3 Potassium.- 5.3.1 Forms of Soil Potassium.- 5.3.2 Quantity/Intensity (Q/I) and Quantity/Potential (Q/P) Isotherms in Sugarcane Soils.- 5.3.3 Soil K Extractants to Predict K Supply to Sugarcane.- 5.3.4 Field Response of Sugarcane to Applied K.- 5.4 Soil Test, Foliar Analysis and DRIS to Guide Fertilization.- 5.5 Calcium and Magnesium.- 5.6 Silicon.- 5.7 Sulphur.- 5.8 Micronutrients.- 5.8.1 Iron.- 5.8.2 Zinc.- 5.8.3 Manganese.- 5.8.4 Copper.- 5.8.5 Boron.- 5.8.6 Molybdenum.- 5.9 Integrated Nutrient Management.- 6 Irrigation and Drainage.- 6.1 The Root System.- 6.2 Scheduling Irrigation.- 6.3 Water Use Efficiency.- 6.4 Irrigation Methods.- 6.4.1 Surface Irrigation.- 6.4.2 Subirrigation.- 6.4.3 Sprinkler System.- 6.4.4 The Drip System.- 6.5 Drought Stress.- 6.6 Drainage.- 7 Ratooning.- 7.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ratooning.- 7.2 The Root System in Ratoons.- 7.3 Fertilizer Management.- 7.3.1 Nitrogen.- 7.3.2 Phosphorus.- 7.3.3 Potassium.- 7.4 Time and Method of Fertilizer Application.- 7.5 Secondary and Minor Elements.- 7.6 Foliar Diagnosis.- 7.7 Quality: Ratoon vs. Plant Cane.- 7.8 Population Dynamics.- 7.9 Cultural Requirements.- 7.10 Gap Filling.- 7.11 Number of Ratoons.- 7.12 Ratooning Power of Cane Cultivars.- 7.13 Trash Management.- 7.14 Water Requirement.- 7.15 Management of Weeds, Pests and Diseases Associated with Ratoons.- 7.16 Economics of Ratooning.- 7.17 Effect of Growth Regulants on Ratoon Yield and Quality.- 7.18 Modelling Ratoon Cane.- 8 Weeds, Pests and Diseases.- 8.1 Weeds.- 8.2 Pests.- 8.2.1 Non-Insect Pests.- 8.2.2 Integrated Pest Management.- 8.2.3 Chemical Control.- 8.3 Diseases.- 8.3.1 Fungal Diseases.- 8.3.1.1 Red Rot (Colletotrichum falcatum).- 8.3.1.2 Smut (Ustilago scitaminea).- 8.3.1.3 Wilt (Cephalosporium sacchari).- 8.3.1.4 Eye Spot (Helminthosporium sacchari).- 8.3.1.5 Pineapple Disease (Ceratocystis paradoxa).- 8.3.1.6 ‘Pokkah boeng’ (Gibberella fujikuroi).- 8.3.2 Bacterial Diseases.- 8.3.2.1 Ratoon Stunting Disease.- 8.3.2.2 Leaf Scald (Xanthomonas albilineans).- 8.3.2.3 Gummosis (Xanthomonas campetris pv. vasculorum).- 8.3.3 Mycoplasmal Diseases.- 8.3.3.1 Grassy Shoot Disease (GSD).- 8.3.4 Viral Diseases.- 8.3.4.1 Sugarcane Mosaic Virus.- 8.3.4.2 Sugarcane Fiji Disease.- 8.3.5 Nematodes.- 9 Ripening and Harvest.- 9.1 Ripening.- 9.2 Harvesting.- II.- 10 Fibre and Energy Cane.- 10.1 Fibre Cane.- 10.1.1 Fibre Accumulation.- 10.1.2 Stem Anatomy in Relation to Fibre.- 10.1.3 Tissue Moisture vs. Fibre and Sugar.- 10.1.4 Some Factors Influencing Fibre in Cane.- 10.1.5 Proximate Analysis.- 10.1.6 Varietal Differences in Fibre Content.- 10.1.7 Handling and Storage of Bagasse.- 10.1.7.1 Conservation of Stored Bagasse.- 10.1.7.2 Development of Wet-Pile Technology.- 10.1.7.3 Delignification.- 10.1.7.4 Removal of Pith (Depithing).- 10.1.8 Fibre Properties of Bagasse.- 10.1.9 Bagasse Newsprint.- 10.2 Energy Cane.- 10.2.1 Efficiency of Phytomass Production in Energy Cane.- 10.2.2 Food vs. Fuel Farming.- 10.2.3 Energy Cane: A Management Concept.- 10.2.4 Agronomy of Energy Cane.- 10.2.5 Energy Cane Cultivars.- 10.2.6 An Ideotype of Energy Cane.- 10.2.7 Fuel Alcohols.- 10.2.8 Ethanol from Fermentable Solids.- 10.2.9 Ethanol from Cellulosic Materials.- 11 Cane Development and Transfer of Technology.- 11.1 Technology Transfer.- 11.2 Methods of Cane Purchase.- 11.3 Seed Cane.- 12 Sugar and By-Products from Sugarcane: Recent Developments in Manufacturing Techniques. By Mydur Anand.- 12.1 Essential Steps in Manufacture.- 12.1.1 Cane Handling.- 12.1.1.1 Delivery of Cane to the Mill.- 12.1.1.2 Cane Weighment.- 12.1.1.3 Unloading Systems.- 12.1.2 Cane Sampling.- 12.1.3 Cane Preparation.- 12.1.3.1 Cane Laundering.- 12.1.3.2 Cane Disintegration.- 12.1.4 Milling and Juice Extraction.- 12.1.4.1 Mill Construction.- 12.1.4.2 Three Roller—Six Roller Mills and Pressure Feeding.- 12.1.4.3 Low Pressure Mills.- 12.1.5 Mill Drives.- 12.1.5.1 Types of Drive.- 12.1.5.2 New Drive Systems.- 12.1.5.3 Free Rotating Discharge Rollers.- 12.1.6 Mill Roller Grooves.- 12.1.6.1 Radial Grooves.- 12.1.6.2 Roller Arcing.- 12.1.7 Mill Miscellany.- 12.1.7.1 Hydraulic Loading.- 12.1.7.2 Mill setting.- 12.1.7.3 Imbibition.- 12.1.8 Juice Treatment and Clarification.- 12.1.8.1 Juice Treatment Methods.- 12.1.8.2 Defecation.- 12.1.8.3 Mill White Sugar.- 12.1.8.4 Clarification Equipment.- 12.1.9 Evaporation.- 12.1.9.1 Multiple Effect Evaporation: Vapour Bleeding.- 12.1.9.2 Evaporation Equipment.- 12.1.9.3 Thin-Film Long-Tube Evaporators.- 12.1.10 Syrup Treatment.- 12.1.10.1 Processing.- 12.1.10.2 Melts.- 12.1.11 Pan Boiling and Sugar Crystallization.- 12.1.11.1 Crystallization.- 12.1.11.2 Vacuum Pans and Other Equipment.- 12.1.11.3 Conti-Pans.- 12.1.11.4 Crystallizers.- 12.1.12 Centrifugals and Sugar Handling.- 12.1.12.1 Commercial Sugar.- 12.1.12.2 Sugar Drying.- 12.1.12.3 Sugar Packing, Storage and Distribution.- 12.1.13 Bagasse Use; Steam and Power.- 12.1.13.1 Bagasse use.- 12.1.13.2 Steam and Power: Basis of Projections.- 12.1.13.3 Equipment.- 12.2 By-Products.- References.