Processes in Karst Systems: Physics, Chemistry, and Geology

ISBN-13: 9783642833540 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 288 str.

Wolfgang Dreybrodt

Opis

Karst Systems deal with the question of how the subsurface drainage system, typical of Karst areas develops from its initial state to maturity. Equal attention is given to physical, chemical and geological conditions which determine karstification. The reader will find discussions of mass transport, chemical kinetics, hydrodynamics of fluxes, and the role of dissolution and precipitation of Calcite as they occur in experiments and natural environments. It offers a wealth of information on a complex natural system to hydrologists, hydrochemists, geologists and geographers.

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 1 Introduction.- 1.1 The Process of Karstification.- 1.2 Approaches to an Explanation of Karst Development.- 1.3 Organization of the Book.- I Basic Principles from Physics and Chemistry.- 2 Chemistry of the System H2 O-CO2 -CaCO3.- 2.1 Reactions and Equilibria.- 2.2 Boundary Conditions for Achieving Equilibrium.- 2.2.1 The General Case.- 2.2.2 Change of Boundary Conditions.- 2.2.3 Saturated CaCO3 Solutions.- 2.2.4 Mixing of Saturated Waters in the Closed System.- 2.2.5 Influence of Foreign Ions on Calcite Dissolution.- 3 Mass Transport.- 3.1 The Random Walk Problem as Principle for Diffusional Mass Transport.- 3.2 The Laws of Diffusion.- 3.2.1 Some Basic Solutions.- 3.3 Diffusive and Advective Mass Transport.- 3.3.1 Diffusion in Turbulent Flow.- 3.3.2 Hydrodynamic Dispersion.- 3.4 Diffusion Coefficients and Their Magnitudes.- 3.4.1 Molecular Diffusion.- 3.4.2 Eddy Diffusion.- 3.4.3 Hydrodynamic Dispersion.- 4 Chemical Kinetics.- 4.1 Rate Laws of Elementary and Overall Reactions.- 4.1.1 Elementary Reactions.- 4.1.2 Overall Reactions.- 4.1.3 Temperature Dependence of Rate Constants.- 4.2 Approaching Equilibrium.- 4.2.1 Irreversible Reactions.- 4.2.2 Reversible Reactions.- 4.3 The Kinetics of the Reaction H2 O + CO2 ? H++HCO?;3.- 4.3.1 Examples.- 4.4 Mixed Kinetics.- 5 Hydrodynamics of Flow.- 5.1 Laminar and Turbulent Flow.- 5.1.1 The Law of Bernoulli.- 5.1.2 Laminar Flow.- 5.1.3 Turbulent Flow.- 5.1.4 An Example of Hydraulic Characteristics of Karst Aquifers.- 5.1.5 Flow Through Porous Media.- II Principles of Dissolution and Precipitation of CaCO3.- 6 Dissolution and Precipitation of Calcite: The Chemistry of the Heterogeneous Surface.- 6.1 Experimental Methods of Calcite Dissolution.- 6.1.1 Rotating Disc System.- 6.1.2 Batch Experiments.- 6.1.3 Measurement of Dissolution Rates.- 6.2 The Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution.- 6.2.1 Three Regions of Calcite Dissolution.- 6.2.2 The Mechanistic Model of Plummer, Wigley and Parkhurst (PWP Model).- 6.2.3 Comparison of the Mechanistic Model with Other Experiments.- 6.3 Kinetics of Calcite Precipitation.- 6.4 Dissolution Close to Equilibrium.- 7 Modelling the Kinetics of Calcite Dissolution and Precipitation in Natural Environments of Karst Areas.- 7.1 Statement of the Problem.- 7.2 The Mass Transport Equation.- 7.3 Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics in the Open System.- 7.3.1 Calculation of Dissolution and Precipitation Rates.- 7.3.2 Results for the Open System.- 7.4 Dissolution and Precipitation Kinetics in the Closed System.- 7.4.1 Calculation of the Rates.- 7.4.2 Results for the Closed System.- 7.5 The Influence of the Diffusion Boundary Layer to Dissolution and Precipitation Rates in Turbulent Flow.- 7.5.1 Calculation of Dissolution and Precipitation Rates.- 7.5.2 Experimental Verification.- 7.6 Dissolution in Natural Systems.- 7.6.1 Influence of Foreign Ions on Dissolution Rates Far from Equilibrium.- 7.6.2 Influence of Lithology on Dissolution Rates.- 7.6.3 Dissolution in Porous Media.- III Conceptual Models of Karst Processes.- 8 Karst Systems.- 8.1 Fractures and Discontinuities in Limestone Rocks.- 8.1.1 Joints.- 8.1.2 Faults.- 8.1.3 Bedding Planes.- 8.2 Structural Segments and Tectonic Control of Caves.- 8.3 Karst Aquifers.- 8.4 Caves.- 8.5 Development of Caves.- 9 Models of Karst Development from the Initial State to Maturity.- 9.1 Pressure Fields in Fractures and Their Influence on the Development of Early Channels.- 9.2 The Network Linking Models of Ewers.- 9.2.1 The Low Dip Model.- 9.2.2 The High Dip Model.- 9.2.3 The Restricted Input Model.- 9.3 Dissolution Kinetics and the Concept of Penetration Length.- 9.3.1 The Concept of Penetration Length.- 9.3.2 Penetration Lengths in Turbulent Flow.- 9.4 Karst Development from the Initial State to Maturity.- 9.5 Geomorphological Theories from the Viewpoint of the Mathematical Model.- 9.6 Experimental Models.- 9.7 Karst Processes on the Surface.- 9.7.1 The Formation of Dolines and Shafts.- 9.7.2 Karst Denudation.- 9.7.3 Denudation Rates on Bare Rock at the Surface and in Caves.- 10 Precipitation of Calcite in Natural Environments.- 10.1 Speleothems: Growth and Morphology.- 10.2 Stalagmites.- 10.2.1 Morphology of Stalagmites.- 10.2.2 Growth Rates of Stalagmites and Related Diameters.- 10.3 Calcite Precipitation in Surface Streams.- 11 Conclusion and Future Perspective.- References.