Process Chemistry of Lubricant Base Stocks

ISBN-13: 9780849338496 / Angielski / Twarda / 2007 / 392 str.

Thomas R. Lynch

Opis

Advances in processing methods are not only improving the quality and yield of lubricant base stocks, they are also reducing the dependence on more expensive crude oil starting materials. Process Chemistry of Lubricant Base Stocks provides a comprehensive understanding of the chemistry behind the processes involved in petroleum base stock production from crude oil fractions. This book examines hydroprocessing technologies that, driven by the demand for higher performance in finished lubricants, have transformed processing treatments throughout the industry. The author relates the properties of base stocks to their chemical composition and describes the process steps used in their manufacture. The book highlights catalytic processes, including hydrocracking, hydrofinishing, and catalytic dewaxing. It also covers traditional solvent-based separation methods used to remove impurities, enhance performance, and improve oxidation resistance. The final chapters discuss the production of Food Grade white oils and paraffins and the gas-to-liquids processes used to produce highly paraffinic base stocks via Fischer-Tropsch chemistry. Process Chemistry of Lubricant Base Stocks provides historical and conceptual background to the technologies used to make base stocks, thorough references, and a unique emphasis on chemical, not just engineering, aspects of lubricant processing making this book an ideal and practical reference for scientists across a wide range of disciplines."

Spis treści

Preface
Introduction
Base Stocks: General
Base Stocks from Crudes
Base Stock Properties
Feedstocks and Base Stocks: General Compositional Aspects
API Base Stock Classifications
Viscosity Grades for Industrial Lubricants
Society for Automotive Engineers Viscosity Classification for Engine Oils
API Engine Oil Classifications
Viscosity, Pour Points, Boiling Points, and Chemical Structure
Viscosity
Pour Points and Chemical Structure
Boiling Points and Structure
Development of the Viscosity Index Concept and Relationship to Hydrocarbon Composition
Viscosity Index
Viscosity Index and Composition
Compositional Methods
Introduction
n-d-M Method
Density and Viscosity Relationships: The Viscosity-Gravity Constant
Refractive Index and Density: Refractivity Intercept
Refractive Index and Reciprocal of Carbon Number
n-d-M Method: Development
NMR Spectroscopy: Background
¹H and ¹³C Applications
Wax Analyses
Some ¹³C NMR Applications
Oxidation Resistance of Base Stocks
Introduction
Studies of Solvent Refined Base Stocks
Impact of Aromatics and Sulfur Levels
Lubricant Performance, Composition, and the Trend to Hydrocracked Base Stocks
Conventional Base Stock Production: Solvent Refining, Solvent Dewaxing, and Finishing
Solvent Refining
Solvent Dewaxing
Finishing Solvent Refining Lube Base Stocks
Lubes Hydrocracking
Introduction
Group II Base Stock Production
Group III Base Stocks
Chemistry of Hydroprocessing
Introduction
Hydrodearomatization
HDA: Kinetic Aspects
HDA: Equilibria
HDA: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Formation
Hydrodesulfurization
Hydrodenitrification
Hydrocracking
Process Modeling
Urea Dewaxing and the BP Catalytic Process
Introduction
Wax Composition and Properties
Urea Dewaxing
Urea Dewaxing: Commercial Applications
The BP Catalytic Dewaxing Process
Dewaxing by Hydrocracking and Hydroisomerization
Dewaxing by Wax Cracking
Dewaxing by Hydroisomerization
Technical and Food Grade White Oils and Highly Refined Paraffins
White Oils
Refined Waxes
Base Stocks From Fischer-Tropsch Wax and The Gas-to-Liquids Process
The Fischer-Tropsch Process
Product Distributions
Base Stock Properties
GTL Processes
¹³C Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Applications to Fischer-Tropsch Base Stocks

O autorze

Thomas R. Lynch