Principles of Surface Physics

ISBN-13: 9783642624582 / Angielski / Miękka / 2012 / 342 str.

Friedhelm Bechstedt

Opis

In recent decades, surface and interface physics has become an increasingly important subdiscipline within the physics of condensed matter as well as an interdisciplinary ?eld between physics, crystallography, chemistry, biology, and materials science. There are several driving forces for the development of the ?eld, among them semiconductor technology, new materials, epitaxy and chemical catalysis. The electrical and optical properties of nanostructures based on di?erent semiconductors are governed by the interfaces or, at least, by the presence of interfaces. A microscopic understanding of the growth processes requires the investigation of the surface processes at an atomic level. Elementary processes on surfaces, such as adsorption and desorption, play a key role in the understanding of heterogeneous catalysis. During the course of the surface investigations, it has been possible to observe a dramatic progress in the ability to study surfaces of materials in general, and on a microscopic scale in particular. There are two main reasons for this progress. From the experimental point of view it is largely due to the development and availability of new types of powerful microscopes. Sp- tacular advances in techniques such as scanning tunneling microscopy now allow us to observe individual atoms on surfaces, and to follow their paths with a clarity unimaginable a few years ago. From the theoretical point of view (or rather the viewpoint of simulation) progress is related to the wide availability of computers and the dramatic increase of their power.

Recenzje

From the reviews:

"This book contains quite exhaustive information and allows the reader to take confidence with the typical concepts of surface science, both from the theoretical and the experimental points of view ... . The attempt to shed light at graduate-student level on such an important and recent topic from a theoretical point of view is extremely positive and is the major value of the book. ... Readers at any levels, from graduate students to more experienced researchers, could gain insight from this book." (Prof. Gianfranco Pacchioni, ChemPhysChem, Vol. 6 (3), 2005)

Spis treści

1. Symmetry.- 1.1 Model Surfaces.- 1.1.1 Surface Versus Bulk.- 1.1.2 The Surface as a Physical Object.- 1.2 Two-Dimensional Crystals.- 1.2.1 Lattice Planes of Bulk Crystals.- 1.2.2 Oriented Slabs.- 1.2.3 Ideal Surfaces. Planar Point Groups.- 1.2.4 Real Surfaces: Reconstruction and Relaxation.- 1.2.5 Superlattices at Surfaces.- 1.2.6 Wood Notation.- 1.2.7 Symmetry Classification.- 1.3 Reciprocal Space.- 1.3.1 Direct and Reciprocal Lattices.- 1.3.2 Brillouin Zones.- 1.3.3 Projection of 3D Onto 2D Brillouin Zones.- 1.3.4 Symmetry of Points and Lines in Reciprocal Space.- 2. Thermodynamics.- 2.1 Kinetic Processes and Surfaces in Equilibrium.- 2.2 Thermodynamic Relations for Surfaces.- 2.2.1 Thermodynamic Potentials.- 2.2.2 Surface Modification of Thermodynamic Potentials.- 2.2.3 Surface Tension and Surface Stress.- 2.3 Equilibrium Shape of Small Crystals.- 2.3.1 Anisotropy of Surface Energy.- 2.3.2 Absolute Values for Surface Energies.- 2.3.3 Wulff Construction.- 2.4 Surface Energy and Morphology.- 2.4.1 Facetting and Roughening.- 2.4.2 3D Versus 2D Growth.- 2.4.3 Formation of Quantum Dots.- 2.5 Stoichiometry Dependence.- 2.5.1 Thermodynamic Approach.- 2.5.2 Approximations for Surface Energies.- 2.5.3 Chemical Potentials.- 2.5.4 Phase Diagrams.- 2.5.5 Stability of Adsorbates.- 3. Bonding and Energetics.- 3.1 Orbitals and Bonding.- 3.1.1 One-Electron Picture.- 3.1.2 Tight-Binding Approach.- 3.1.3 Atomic Orbitals and Their Interaction.- 3.1.4 Bonding Hybrids.- 3.1.5 Bonds and Bands.- 3.2 Dangling Bonds.- 3.2.1 Formation of Dangling Hybrids.- 3.2.2 Influence on Electronic States.- 3.3 Total Energy and Atomic Forces.- 3.3.1 Basic Approximations.- 3.3.2 Potential Energy Surface and Forces.- 3.3.3 Surface Diffusion.- 3.4 Quantitative Description of Structure and Stability.- 3.4.1 Density Functional Theory.- 3.4.2 Band-Structure and Interaction Contributions.- 3.4.3 Modeling of Surfaces.- 3.5 Bond Breaking: Accompanying Charge Transfers and Atomic Displacements.- 3.5.1 Characteristic Changes in Total Energy.- 3.5.2 Energy Gain Due to Structural and Configurational Changes.- 3.5.3 Energy Gain and Electron Transfer.- 4. Reconstruction Elements.- 4.1 Reconstruction and Bonding.- 4.1.1 Metallic Bonds.- 4.1.2 Strong Ionic Bonds.- 4.1.3 Mixed Covalent and Ionic Bonds.- 4.1.4 Principles of Semiconductor Surface Reconstruction.- 4.1.5 Electron Counting Rules.- 4.2 Chains.- 4.2.1 Zig-Zag Chains of Cations and Anions.- 4.2.2 ?-bonded Chains.- 4.2.3 Seiwatz Chains.- 4.3 Dimers.- 4.3.1 Symmetric Dimers.- 4.3.2 Asymmetric Dimers.- 4.3.3 Heterodimers.- 4.3.4 Bridging Groups.- 4.4 Adatoms and Adclusters.- 4.4.1 Isolated Adatoms.- 4.4.2 Adatoms Accompanied by Rest Atoms.- 4.4.3 Adatoms Combined with Other Reconstruction Elements.- 4.4.4 Trimers.- 4.4.5 Tetramers.- 5. Elementary Excitations I: Single Electronic Quasiparticles.- 5.1 Electrons and Holes.- 5.1.1 Excitation and Quasiparticle Character.- 5.1.2 Scanning Tunneling Spectroscopy.- 5.1.3 Photoemission Spectroscopy and Inverse Photoemmission.- 5.1.4 Satellites.- 5.2 Many-Body Effects.- 5.2.1 Quasiparticle Equation.- 5.2.2 Quasiparticle Shifts and Spectral Weights.- 5.2.3 Screening Near Surfaces.- 5.3 Quasiparticle Surface States.- 5.3.1 Surface Barrier.- 5.3.2 Characteristic Energies.- 5.3.3 State Localizaton.- 5.3.4 Quasiparticle Bands and Gaps.- 5.4 Strong Electron Correlation.- 5.4.1 Image States.- 5.4.2 Mott-Hubbard Bands.- 6. Elementary Excitations II: Pair and Collective Excitations.- 6.1 Probing Surfaces by Excitations.- 6.1.1 Optical Spectroscopies.- 6.1.2 Light Propagation in Surfaces.- 6.1.3 Electron Energy Losses.- 6.1.4 Raman Scattering.- 6.2 Electron-Hole Pairs: Excitons.- 6.2.1 Polarization function.- 6.2.2 Two-Particle Hamiltonian.- 6.2.3 Excitons.- 6.2.4 Surface Exciton Bound States.- 6.2.5 Surface-Modified Bulk Excitons.- 6.3 Plasmons.- 6.3.1 Intraband Excitations.- 6.3.2 Plasma Oscillations.- 6.3.3 Surface and Bulk Modes.- 6.4 Phonons.- 6.4.1 Harmonic Lattice Dynamics.- 6.4.2 Surface and Bulk Modes.- 6.4.3 Rayleigh Waves.- 6.4.4 Fuchs-Kliewer Phonons.- 6.4.5 Influence of Relaxation and Reconstruction.- 6.5 Elementary Excitations for Reduced Dimension.- 7. Defects.- 7.1 Realistic and Ideal Surfaces.- 7.2 Point Defects.- 7.2.1 Vacancies.- 7.2.2 Impurities.- 7.2.3 Antisites.- 7.3 Line Defects: Steps.- 7.3.1 Geometry and Notation.- 7.3.2 Steps on Si(100) Surfaces.- 7.3.3 Steps on Si(111) Surfaces.- 7.4 Planar Defects: Stacking Faults.- 7.4.1 Defect, Reconstruction Element or Bulk Property?.- 7.4.2 Si on Si(111)?3?3-B.- References.

Blurb

This comprehensive and innovative text provides an understanding of the geometric and electronic structure of surfaces. It addresses the surfaces of covalent and ionic solids and also metals. The book emphasizes fundamental aspects, such as the principles of surface crystallography and thermodynamics, the forces driving the rearrangement of the atoms, and the relationship between bonding and electronic structure. The book illuminates the relationship between surface orientation, chemistry, energetics, and the resulting properties. The text includes a discussion of elementary excitations at surfaces, their description and measurement. The general physical arguments and methods presented in the book will also allow the reader to analyse novel surfaces and interfaces of new materials. This makes the book an indispensable reference to all those studying growth, surface-molecule interactions, self-assembled structures, property engineering and materials development.