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Principles of Physics: For Scientists and Engineers
ISBN-13: 9783030480271 / Angielski / Twarda / 2024 / 1189 str.
Principles of Physics: For Scientists and Engineers
ISBN-13: 9783030480271 / Angielski / Twarda / 2024 / 1189 str.
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This basic course in physics is aimed at scientists and engineers and, along with a wealth of helpful exercises and solutions, includes the mathematical basics for each topic. It covers everything from elementary thermodynamics to magnetism and optics.
PART 1: FUNDAMENTAL BASICS
CHAPTER 1: DIMENSIONS AND UNITS
1-1 The International System of Units
1-2 Standards of Length, Time, and Mass
1-3 Dimensional analysis
1-4 Significant Figures
1-5 Estimation and Order of Magnitude
Summary
1-6 Exercises
CHAPTER 2: VECTORS
2-1 Vectors and Scalars
2-2 Properties of Vectors
2-3 Vector Components and Unit Vectors
2-4 Multiplying Vectors
Summary
2-5 Exercises
PART 2: MECHANICS
CHAPTER 3: MOTION IN ONE DIMENSION
3-1 Position and Displacement
3-2 Average Velocity and Average Speed
3-3 Instantaneous Velocity and Speed
3-4 Acceleration
3-5 Constant Acceleration
3-6 Free Fall
Summary3-7 Exercises
CHAPTER 4: MOTION IN TWO DIMENSIONS
4-1 Position, Displacement, Velocity, and Acceleration Vectors
4-2 Projectile Motion
4-3 Uniform Circular Motion
4-4 Tangential and Radial Acceleration
4-5 Non-uniform Circular Motion
Summary
4-6 Exercises
CHAPTER 5: FORCE AND MOTION
5-1 The Cause of Acceleration and Newton’s Laws
5-2 Some Particular Forces
5-3 Applications to Newton’s Laws
Summary
5-4 Exercises
CHAPTER 6: WORK, ENERGY, AND POWER
6-1 Work Done by a Constant Force
6-2 Work Done by a Variable Force
6-3 Work-Energy Theorem
6-4 Conservative Forces and Potential Energy
6-5 Conservation of Mechanical Energy
6-6 Work Done by Non-conservative forces
6-7 Conservation of Energy
6-8 Power
Summary
6-9 Exercises
CHAPTER 7: LINEAR MOMENTUM, COLLISION, AND CENTER OF MASS
7-1 Linear Momentum and Impulse
7-2 Conservation of Linear Momentum
7-3 Conservation of Momentum and Energy in Collisions
7-3-1 Elastic Collisions in One and Two Dimensions
7-3-2 Inelastic Collisions, Center of Mass (CM)
7-5 Dynamics of the Center of Mass
7-6 Systems of Variable Mass
7-6-1 Systems of Increasing Mass
7-6-2 Systems of Decreasing Mass; Rocket Propulsion
Summary
7-7 Exercises 200
CHAPTER 8: ROTATIONAL MOTION
8-1 Radian Measures
8-2 Rotational Kinematics; Angular Quantities8-3 Constant Angular Acceleration
8-4 Angular Vectors
8-5 Relating Angular and Linear Quantities
8-6 Rotational Dynamics; Torque
8-7 Newton’s Second Law for Rotation
8-8 Kinetic Energy, Work, and Power in Rotation
8-9 Rolling Motion
Summary
8-10 Exercises
CHAPTER 9: ANGULAR MOMENTUM
9-1 Angular Momentum of Rotating Systems
9-1-1 Angular Momentum of a Particles
9-1-2 Angular Momentum of a System of Particles
9-1-3 Angular Momentum of a Rotating Rigid Body
9-2 Conservation of Angular Momentum
9-3 The Spinning Top and Gyroscope
Summary
9-4 Exercises
CHAPTER 10: MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
10-1 Density and Relative Density
10-2 Elastic Properties of Solids
10-2-1 Young’s Modulus: Elasticity in Length
10-2-2 Shear Modulus: Elasticity of Shape
10-2-3 Bulk Modulus: Volume Elasticity
10-3 Fluids
10-4 Fluid Statics
10-5 Fluid Dynamics
Summary
10-6 Exercises
PART 3: INTODUCTORY THERMODYNAMICS
CHAPTER 11: THERMAL PROPERTIES OF MATTER
11-1 Temperature
11-2 Thermal Expansion of Solids and Liquids
11-2-1 Linear Expansion
11-2-2 Volume Expansion
11-3 The Ideal Gas
Summary
11-4 Exercises
CHAPTER 12: HEAT AND THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
12-1 Heat and Thermal Energy
12-1-1 Units of Heat-The Mechanical Equivalent of Heat
12-1-2 Heat Capacity and Specific Heat
12-1-3 Latent Heat
12-2 Heat and Work
12-3 The First Law of Thermodynamics
12-4 Applications of the First Law of Thermodynamics
12-5 Heat Transfer
Summary
12-6 Exercises
CHAPTER 13: KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
13-1 Microscopic Model of an Ideal Gas
13-2 Molar Specific Heat Capacity of an Ideal Gas
13-2-1 Molar Specific Heat at Constant Volume
13-2-2 Molar Specific Heat at Constant Pressure
13-3 Distribution of Molecular Speeds
13-4 Non-ideal Gasses and Phases of Matter
Summary
13-3 Exercises
PART 4: SOUND AND LIGHT WAVES
CHAPTER 14: OSCILLATIONS AND WAVE MOTION
14-1 Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM)
14-1-1 Velocity and Acceleration of SHM
14-1-2 The Force Law for SHM
14-1-3 Energy of the Simple Harmonic Oscillator
14-2 Damped Simple Harmonic Motion
14-3 Sinusoidal Waves
14-3-1 Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
14-3-2 Wave length and Frequency
14-3-3 Harmonic Waves: Simple Harmonic Motion
14-4 The Speed of Waves on Strings
14-5 Energy Transfer by Sinusoidal Waves on Strings14-6 The Linear Wave Equation
14-7 Standing Waves
14-7-1 Reflection at a Boundary
14-7-2 Standing Waves and Resonance
Summary
14-8 Exercises
CHAPTER 15: SOUND WAVES
15-1 Speed of Sound Waves
15-2 Periodic Sound Waves
15-3 Energy, Power, and Intensity of Sound Waves
15-4 The Decibel Scale
15-5 Hearing Response to Intensity and Frequency
15-6 The Doppler Effect
15-7 Supersonic Speeds and Shock Waves
Summary
15-8 Exercises
CHAPTER 16: SUPERPOSITION OF SOUND WAVES
16-1 Superposition and Interference
16-2 Spatial Interference of Sound Waves
16-3 Standing Sound Waves
16-4 Standing Sound Waves in Air columns
16-5 Temporal Interference of Sound Waves: Beats
Summary
16-6 Exercises
CHAPTER 17: LIGHT WAVES AND OPTICS
17-1 Light Rays
17-2 Reflection and Refraction of Light
17-3 Total Internal Reflection and Optical Fibers
17-4 Chromatic Dispersion and Prisms
17-5 Formation of Images by Reflection
17-5-1 Plane Mirrors
17-5-2 Spherical Mirrors
17-5-2-1 Concave Mirrors
17-5-2-2 Convex Mirrors
17-6 Formation of Images by Refraction
17-6-1 Spherical Refracting Surfaces
17-6-2 Flat Refracting Surfaces
17-6-3 Thin Lenses
Summary
17-7 Exercises
CHAPTER 18: INTERFERENCE, DIFFRACTION, AND POLARIZATION OF LIGHT
18-1 Interference of Light Waves
18-2 Young’s Double-Slit Experiment
18-3 Thin Films - Change of Phase due to Reflection
18-4 Diffraction of Light Waves
18-5 Diffraction Gratings
18-6 Polarization of Light Waves
Summary
18-7 Exercises
PART 5: ELECTRICITY
CHAPTER 19: ELECTRIC FORCE
19-1 Electric Charge
19-2 Charging Conductors and Insulators
19-3 Coulomb’s Law
Summary
19-4 Exercises
CHAPTER 20: ELECTRIC FIELDS
20-1 The Electric Field
20-2 The Electric Field of a point charge
20-3 The Electric Field of an Electric Dipole
20-4 Electric Field of a Continuous Charge Distribution
20-4-1 The Electric Field due to a Charged Rod
20-4-2 The Electric Field of a Uniformly Charged Arc
20-4-3 The Electric Field of a Uniformly Charged Ring
20-4-4 The Electric Field of a Uniformly Charged Disk
20-5 Electric Field Lines
20-6 Motion of Charged particles in a Uniform Electric Field
Summary
20-7 Exercises
CHAPTER 21: GAUSS’S LAW
21-1 Electric Flux
21-2 Gauss’s Law
21-3 Applications of Gauss’s Law
21-4 Conductors in Electrostatic Equilibrium
21-5 Exercises
CHAPTER 22: ELECTRIC POTENTIAL
22-1 Electric Potential Energy
22-2 Electric Potential
22-3 Electric Potential in a uniform Electric Field
22-4 Electric Potential Due to a Point Charge
22-5 Electric Potential Due to a Dipole
22-6 Electric Dipole in an External Electric Field
22-7 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Rod
22-8 Electric Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Arc
22-9 Electric Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Ring
22-10 Electric Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Disk
22-11 Potential Due to a Uniformly Charged Sphere
22-12 Electric Potential Due to a Charged Conductor
22-13 Potential Gradient
22-14 The Electrostatic Precipitator
22-15 The Van De Graaff Generator
Summary
22-16 Exercises
CHAPTER 23: CAPACITORS AND CAPACITANCE
23-1 Capacitor and Capacitance
23-2 Calculating Capacitance
23-3 Capacitors with Dielectrics
23-4 Capacitors in Parallel and Series
23-5 Energy Stored in a Charged Capacitor
Summary
23-6 Exercises
CHAPTER 24: ELECTRIC CIRCUITS
24-1 Electric Current and Electric Current Density
24-2 Ohm’s Law and Electric Resistance
24-3 Electric Power
24-4 Electromotive Force
24-5 Resistors in Series and Parallel
24-6 Kirchhoff’s Rules
24-7 The RC Circuit
Summary
24-8 Exercises
PART 6: MAGNETISM
CHAPTER 25: MAGNETIC FIELDS
25-1 Magnetic Force on a Moving Charge25-2 Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
25-3 Charged Particles in an Electric and Magnetic Fields
25-3-1 Velocity Selector
25-3-2 The Mass Spectrometer
25-3-3 The Hall Effect
25-4 Magnetic Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor
25-5 Torque on a Current Loop
25-5-1 Electric Motors
25-5-2 Galvanometers
25-6 Non-uniform Magnetic Fields
Summary
25-7 Exercises
CHAPTER 26: SOURCES OF MAGNETIC FIELD
26-1 The Biot-Savart Law
26-2 The Magnetic Force Between Two Parallel Currents
26-3 Ampere’s Law
26-4 Displacement Current and the Ampere-Maxwell Law
26-5 Gauss’s Law for Magnetism
26-6 The Origin of Magnetism
26-7 Magnetic Materials
26-8 Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism
26-9 Ferromagnetism
26-10 Some Applications of Magnetism
Summary
26-11 Exercises
CHAPTER 27: FARADAY’S LAW, ALTERNATING CURRENT, AND MAXWELL’S EQUATIONS
27-1 Faraday’s Law of Induction
27-2 Motional emf
27-3 Electric Generators
27-4 Alternating Current
27-5 Transformers
27-6 Induced Electric Fields
27-7 Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism
27-8 Exercises
CHAPTER 28: INDUCTANCE, OSCILLATING CIRCUITS, AND AC CIRCUITS
28-1 Self-Inductance
28-2 Mutual Inductance
28-3 Energy Stored in an Inductor
28-4 The L-R Circuit
28-5 The Oscillating L-C Circuit
28-6 The L-R-C Circui
28-7 Circuits with an ac Source
28-8 L-R-C Series in an ac Circuit
28-9 Resonance in L-R-C Series Circuits
Summary
28-10 Exercises
CHAPTER 29: Universal Gravitation
27-1 Universal Newtonian Law
27-2 Measuring the Gravitational Constant
27-3 Gravitational Force and the Free-Fall Acceleration
27-4 Kepler’s Laws and the Motion of Planets
27-5 The Gravitational Field and the Gravitational Potential Energy
27-6 Energy Considerations in Planetary and Satellite Motion
Summary
27-7 Exercises
APPENDICES
A Conversion Factors
B Basic Rules and FormulasC The Periodic Table of Elements
ANSWERS TO ALL EXERCISES
INDEX
Prof. Hafez A. Radi obtained his B.Sc. degree in Special Physics with distinction and highest class honors from Ain-Shams University in June 1967. He also obtained M. Sc. degree in theoretical atomic Physics from the same university in 1970. Then he moved to Kuwait University as a demonstrator and got his Ph. D. degree in theoretical Atomic Physics from the same University in 1974. He was promoted to Associate Professor Rank in 1979 and full Professor Rank in 1984. He visited the International Center for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy (from June to August, 1975). For the last 44 years he has been working with research scientists in Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, Nuclear Science Division, Berkeley, California 94720, USA. On leave of absence from Department of Physics, Kuwait University, he spent his Sabbatical leave (from January 1981 to January 1982) and visited the Lab 15 times (each for a period of about two month). As a visiting professor, he also spent two research months (starting from June 1979) in Oak Ridge National Laboratory and University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37916, USA. After the Gulf war in 1990, he moved to King Abdul Aziz University (KAAU), Madinah Branch, SA (1990 - 2004) and Taibah University. He has been the Chairman of Physics and Mathematics Department at KAAU for one year. He moved to MSA University in Egypt in 2005 and appointed as the head of physics department from 2007 to 2012 and then as the head of the General Systems Engineering Department from 2012 to present. He published many articles as a leading author in distinguished international Journals such as Physical Review Letters, Physical Review A, Physical Review C, Journal of Physics (Atoms and Molecules), etc. He taught many undergraduate and Graduate courses in Physics, Mathematical Physics, and applications of Physics. He attended many international Conferences in Atomic and Nuclear Physics.
Prof. em. John O. Rasmussen, born 1926; B.S. California Institute of Technology (1948); Ph.D. University of California, Berkeley (1952); M.A. (hon) Yale (1969); Visiting Research Professor, Nobel Institute for Physics, Stockholm (1953); N.S.F. Senior Postdoctoral Fellow, Niels Bohr Institute, Copenhagen (1961-62); E.O. Lawrence Award (1967); Professor and Associate Director, Heavy Ion Accelerator Laboratory, Yale University (1969-72); Honorary Professor Fudan University, Shanghai (1984); J.S. Guggenheim Fellow (1972); von Humboldt Senior Fellowship, Munich (1991); A.C.S. Award for Nuclear Applications in Chemistry (1976); Fellow AAAS, Member ACS, APS, FAS; Faculty Senior Scientist, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. He published 386 articles in distinguished international Journals such as Physical Review Letters, Physical Review C etc. with more than 4668 citations.
This textbook presents a basic undergraduate course in physics covering all essential aspects of mechanics, mechanical properties of matter, thermal properties of matter, elementary thermodynamics, electrodynamics, electricity, magnetism, light, optics and sound. It includes simple mathematical approaches to each physical principle, with carefully selected examples and exercises supporting each chapter.
This second edition of a widely popular textbook – boasting close to 6 million downloads – adds many new exercises and solutions, a new summary for each chapter, boxed features separating the examples from the text, and highlights fundamental physical outcomes and rules. The appendices provide a quick and helpful point of reference for all fundamental conversion factors and basic formulas, as well as rules for differentiation and integration, helping students to understand the elementary mathematical steps used for solving the examples and exercises. Visually impressive and full of real-word examples with step-by-step solutions, this textbook is an indispensable tool for both instructors and students seeking direct access to a broad spectrum of physics.
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