Dedication Marianne J. Legato Foreword Marek Glezerman Preface Marianne J. Legato Section A 1. Is there a role for Natural Selection in Sex Differences? Adriana Maggi 2. Battle of the Sexes: How the Selection of Spermatozoa in the Female Reproductive Tract Manipulates the Sex Ratio of Offspring Alireza Fazeli, William Vincent Holt, Suranga Kodithuwakku, Kasun Godakumara and Lisa M. Thurston 3. Gender/sex: Shaping identity in infancy and early childhood Anne Sterling and Jihyun Sung 4. A gendered brain perspective from structure to brain network interactions Carme Uribe, Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza and Antonio Guillamon 5. Third Edition: Sex-specific implications of adverse intrauterine environment. Writing with Antonia Hufnagel. Catherine Aiken and Antonia Hufnagel 6. Sex-Specific Brain Transcriptome of the Mouse Diethard Tautz and Maryam Keshavarz 7. Using the exposome to understand the role of the environment in gender- and sex-specific medicine Gary W. Miller, Faith Anderson, Meghan Bucher, Yunjia Lai and Jocelyn Dicent 8. Regulation of Gene Expression in the Brain by Sex Hormones Jessica Tollkuhn and Simón(e) Sun 9. Sex-specific disparities in mitochondrial function and its role in health and disease Keshav K. Singh and Suresh Mishra 10. Sex Differences in Fetal Programming Marek Glezerman 11. Sex Differences in the Brain: Focus on Developmental Mechanisms Margaret M. McCarthy 12. Genes, Environments and Epigenetic Modifications Marla B. Sokolowski, Sydney Gram and Dustin J. Sokolowski 13. Epigenetics: Mechanisms, Theory and Social Implications Maurizio Meloni 14. Adipose-derived Stem Cells Satoshi Sobajima, Yoshitomo Saita, Hideki Iwaguro, Ryosuke Kuroda and Masanori Tsubosaka 15. Role of Sex Chromosomes in Human Disease Neil Bradbury 16. Best-laid plans: The establishment of biological sex, and its susceptibility to disruption Peter Koopman 17. CRISPR Technology and Its Role in Treating Rare Imprinting Diseases Radislav Sedlácek, Petr Nickl and Linn Amanda Syding 18. Perinatal Genome and Brain Functions: The Case of Genomic Imprinting Valter Tucci, Angelo Serani and Alice Melloni 19. Microbiome: Impact of Gender on Function & Characteristics of Gut Microbiome Veena Taneja Section B 20. Geoepidemiology and the Impact of Sex on Autoimmune Diseases Ana Lleo 21. Molecular Mechanisms of Sex Differences in Epilepsy Samba Reddy 22. Consideration of biological sex in stem cell therapies Dan Gazit, Gadi Pelled, Zulma Gazit and Zoe Krut 23. Sex and Human Brain Structure and Function: Moving Beyond the Binary Daphna Joel 24. Genomic and Epigenomic Signature at the branch-point among Genome, Phenome and Sexome in health and disease: A Multi-Omics approach Donato Gemmati and Veronica Tisato 25. The Importance of Gender-Specific Medicine in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Clinical Practice, and Global Health Care Ibis Sanchez-Serrano 26. The neurobiology of gender identity and gender dysphoria ivanka SAVIC 27. Biological Sex in the times of Precision Nutrition Jose M. Ordovas and D Corella 28. The invaluable contribution of animal models in understanding sex-dependent differences in neuropsychiatric disorders Liana Fattore 29. Sexual Dimorphism in Molecular Biology of Cancer Mehmet Tevfik Dorak 30. The Importance of Expeditionary Fitness in Optimizing the Human Commercial Spaceflight Experience Michael A. Schmidt 31. Brain morphological changes associated with sexual orientation Mikhail Votinov and Andrei A. Puiu 32. Current options for the measurement and operationalization of sex and gender Sabine Oertelt-Prigione 33. Precision Medicine:: Overview and Challenges to Clinical Implementation Susanne Haga Section C 34. Assessment of fall risks in older females and males using an automated smartphone mobility suite Emil Jovanov 35. Impact of Statin Therapy on Sex Hormones Amirhossein Sahebkar, Zeljko Reiner, Hossein Chiti, Negin Parsamanesh and Tannaz Jamialahmadi 36. The Role of Gender in Exercise Physiology and Metabolism Andreas M. Fritzen, Anne-Marie Lundsgaard and Bente Kiens 37. Cerebral effects of gender affirming hormone treatments in transgender persons Leire Zubiaurre-Elorza, Antonio Guillamon and Carme Uribe 38. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Arthur Argenson and Virginia Devi-Chou 39. Trauma and Gender in Primary Care Dorte Mølgaard Christiansen 40. Fertility Treatment and Preservation in Transgender Men and Women Dov Feldberg 41. Sexual dimorphism of the pathophysiology and treatment of atrial fibrillation Elaine Y. Wan, Ellie Coromilas, Stephanie Kochav and Jessica Hennessey 42. Reductionistic and Holistic Research Approaches: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic Ferric Fang and Arturo Casadevall 43. Sex and Gender Differences in Sleep Disorders: An Overview Fidaa Shaib and Hrayr Attarian 44. Estrogen: Impact on Cardiomyocytes and the Heart Jin Kyung Kim 45. Beyond Sex and Gender Differences: The Case for Women's Health Research Liisa Galea 46. Dimorphic or bimodal? Measurement and Meaning of Sex/Gender from Bench to Bedside Reubs J. Walsh 47. Person Centred Cancer Genetic Counselling for Transgender and Gender Diverse Patients Josephine Giblin 48. Musculoskeletal Complaints in Male and Female Instrumental Musicians Rob G.H.H Nelissen and Laura Madelinde Kok 49. Sex, Gender, and Pain Roger Fillingim 50. Urothelial Cancer: Bladder and Upper Tract S. F. Shariat, Reza Sari Motlagh, Fajkovic Harun and Manuela Schmidinger 51. Beyond the mask: the role of camouflaging in managing an autistic identity for girls and women Jan Burns and Siobhan Tierney 52. Vulnerable Males and Strong Females: Gender Differences in Susceptibilty to Stress Factors during Prenatal Development from the Viewpoint of Life History Theory Sylvia Kirchengast 53. Robots and Gender Tatsuya Nomura 54. Sex Specificity in Neonatal Outcomes Vineet Bhandari and Vishwanath Bhat 55. Human Male and Female Phenotypes Depend on Lifestyles (Smoking and Hormonal Contraceptives): Implications for Prevention and Care Ilaria Campesi and Flavia Franconi