Principles and Applications of Hydrochemistry

ISBN-13: 9789401086448 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 188 str.

Erik Eriksson

Opis

The International Hydrological Decade (which ended in 1975) led to a revival of hydrological sciences to a degree which, seen in retrospect, is quite spectacular. This research programme had strong government support, no doubt due to an increased awareness of the role of water for prosperous development. Since water quality is an essential ingredient in almost all water use, there was also a considerable interest in hydrochemistry during the Decade. As many concepts in classical hydrology had to be revised during and after the Decade there was also a need for revising hydrochemistry to align it with modern hydrology. A considerable input of fresh knowledge was also made in the recent past by chemists, particularly geochemists, invaluable for understanding the processes of mineralization of natural waters. With all this in mind it seems natural to try to assemble all the present knowledge of hydrochemistry into a book and integrate it with modern hydrology as far as possible, emphasizing the dynamic features of dissolved substances in natural waters. Considering the role of water in nature for transfer of substances, this integration is essential for proper understanding of processes in all related earth sciences. The arrangement of subjects in the book is as follows. After a short introductory chapter comes a chapter on elementary chemical principles of particular use in hydrochemistry.

Spis treści

1 Introduction.- 2 Principles of hydrochemistry.- 2.1 Chemical concepts.- 2.1.1 Water as a chemical substance.- 2.1.2 Dissolution of chemical substances in water.- 2.1.3 Ionic exchange and sorption.- 2.1.4 Oxidation-reduction.- 2.1.5 Measures and units in hydrochemistry.- 2.2 Physical chemistry applied to natural waters.- 2.2.1 The law of mass action.- 2.2.2 The ionic product of water.- 2.2.3 Gas-liquid equilibria.- 2.2.4 Dissociation of weak acids.- 2.2.5 Liquid-solid equilibria.- 2.2.6 Oxidation-reduction equilibria.- References.- Further reading.- 3 Chemical processes in the water cycle.- 3.1 Deposition of soluble substances by rain and snow, fog and rime, and by dry deposition.- 3.1.1 Origin of dissolved substances in rain and snow.- 3.1.2 Composition of precipitation.- 3.1.3 Analysis of the data.- 3.1.4 Wet deposition.- 3.1.5 Deposition by fog and rime.- 3.1.6 Dry deposition.- 3.1.1 Exudation by vegetation.- 3.1.2 Deposition through leaching and decay of litter.- 3.1.3 Effects of human activity on deposition of chemical constituents.- 3.2 Processes in the root zone in groundwater recharge areas.- 3.2.1 The root zone.- 3.2.2 Effects of evapotranspiration on dissolved salts.- 3.2.3 The oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange, atmosphere-soil.- 3.2.4 Chemical weathering in the root zone.- 3.2.5 Effects of changing biological activity in the soil.- 3.2.6 Effects of water-logging.- 3.3 Processes in the intermediate zone.- 3.3.1 Definitions and hydrological concepts.- 3.3.2 Gas exchange, intermediate zone-root zone.- 3.3.3 Chemical reactions in the intermediate zone.- 3.3.4 Mineralogical zonation.- 3.4 Processes in the water saturated zone (groundwater).- 3.4.1 The solid matrix of the saturated zone.- 3.4.2 Gas exchange between the intermediate zone and the saturated zone.- 3.4.3 Chemical reactions in the saturated zone.- 3.5 Processes in groundwater discharge areas.- 3.5.1 Definition and description of discharge areas.- 3.5.2 Effects of evapotranspiration on dissolved salts.- 3.5.3 Calcite precipitation in groundwater discharge areas.- 3.5.4 Oxidation-reduction processes in groundwater discharge areas.- 3.5.5 Ionic exchange in groundwater discharge areas.- 3.5.6 Dissolution of organic matter in groundwater discharge areas.- 3.6 Processes in lakes and water courses.- 3.6.1 Definitions.- 3.6.2 Chemical processes in surface waters.- 3.6.3 Effects of biological processes.- 3.6.4 Concluding remarks.- References.- Further reading.- 4 Models of reservoirs and the flux of chemical constituents in basins.- 4.1 Concepts and definitions.- 4.2 A conceptual lumped budget model for groundwater recharge areas.- 4.3 A conceptual lumped budget model for groundwater discharge areas.- 4.4 Distributed models and their limitations.- References.- Further reading.- 5 Environmental isotopes in hydrology and hydrochemistry.- 5.1 Radioactive isotopes of hydrogen, carbon and chloride.- 5.1.1 Tritium.- 5.1.2 Radioactive carbon, 14C.- 5.1.3 Radioactive chlorine, 36C1.- 5.2 Stable isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen.- References.- Further reading.- 6 Applications of hydrochemistry and environmental isotopes.- 6.1 Hydrochemical monitoring.- 6.1.1 Selection of sampling intervals.- 6.1.2 Selection of sampling points.- 6.1.3 Data analysis.- 6.2 Chemical budgets of basins.- 6.2.1 Sampling problems.- 6.2.2 Budget calculations.- 6.2.3 Information from chloride budget studies.- 6.3 Use of chloride and environmental isotopes in groundwater investigations.- 6.3.1 Calculation of groundwater recharge rates from chloride concentrations in groundwater.- 6.3.2 Computation of groundwater recharge from hydrochemical data and groundwater flow patterns.- 6.3.3 Interpretation of hydrochemistry patterns in groundwater in semi-arid climates.- 6.3.4 14C-dating of groundwater.- 6.3.5 The origins of groundwater as derived from hydrochemistry and stable isotopes.- 6.3.6 Study of the run-off process using environmental isotopes.- 6.4 The effects of acid deposition.- 6.4.1 The hydrogen ion budget of the vegetation-root zone system in groundwater recharge areas.- 6.4.2 The metal cation balance in the vegetation-root zone system in groundwater recharge areas.- 6.4.3 The influence of acid deposition on the metal cation balance of the root zone in groundwater recharge areas.- 6.4.4 Acid precipitation and the hydrogen ion balance of basins.- References.- Further reading.- Appendices.- Appendix A.- Appendix B.- Appendix C.

O autorze

Erik Eriksson, 1937 in Stockholm geboren, begann seine Karriere als Journalist und später auch als Produzent beim Schwedischen Fernsehen. Bekannt wurde Eriksson durch seine TV-Reportagen über den Vietnamkrieg und weitere Reportagen über die Schattenseiten der schwedischen Gesellschaft. Mittlerweile hat Erik Eriksson etwa 40 Bücher veröffentlicht, darunter Sammlungen von Novellen, Jugendbücher und Kriminalromane, von denen bereits einer verfilmt wurde. 2009 erhielt Eriksson für sein Lebenswerk den Aniara-Preis des schwedischen Buchhandels.