Practical Manual of Groundwater Microbiology

ISBN-13: 9780849385315 / Angielski / Twarda / 2007 / 400 str.

Cullimore Roy Cullimore; D. Roy Cullimore

Opis

Although microorganisms can be found virtually anywhere on our planet, from clouds to soils to oceans, they are often poorly understood when examining issues related to groundwater and water wells. Focusing on the impact of microorganisms on groundwater and water wells, Practical Manual of Groundwater Microbiology, Second Edition presents over 75% new material to offer a comprehensive, up-to-date guide on the subject. The first eight chapters provide an overview of microbiology and its importance in groundwaters, exploring natural filters that develop around wells, various bacteria, molds, viruses, sampling procedures, biofouling, biofilms, sequestration strategies, rehabilitation/regeneration practices, and flooding risks. The book also contains a chapter that functions as a self-contained guide, with 79 descriptive illustrations of important concepts integral to the understanding of microbes in groundwater. Numerous appendices, some new to this edition, supply detailed information on more specialized topics, such as microbiological test methods, water sample protocols, regulatory considerations concerning the use of phosphorus in wells, and the application of vegetable oil to lubricate pumps. Chronicling the significant progress made in the field since the publication of its predecessor, this edition provides practical approaches for evaluating the effects of microorganisms and their activities on groundwater and water wells.

Spis treści

PREFACE Water Wells have Natural Filters: The Challenge Introduction Feeding the Natural Filters Other Factors Associated with the Natural Filter Maintaining the Natural Filters around Water Wells Failure of the Natural Filters and the Symptoms in the Water Well Microbes in Water Wells: The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly What Are Microbes? Where Are Microbes? Sterility, Health, and Microbes Bacterial Groups of Significance in Water Wells Coliform Bacteria Iron-Related Bacteria Slime-Forming Bacteria Total Bacteria Microorganisms in Water Wells Role of the Molds (Fungi) in Water Wells Role of Protozoa in Water Wells Role of Viruses in Water Wells Acute Gastrointestinal Illness of Unknown Etiology Sampling Procedures Introduction Sampling Water Wells Single Sampling Procedure for a Water Well Multiple Sampling from the Water Well Zones of Interrogation Projections (ZIP) Testing Routine Sampling Symptoms of Failure: Early Warnings and Eventual Catastrophes Introduction Sustainable Wells Historical Records Biological Assay Data Biofouling: The Impact of Biofilms on Specific Capacity Significance of Drawdown Changes Oil-Lubricated Pumps: The Risks Considerations in Deciding upon a Treatment Strategy Remedies from a Drop to a Drum Introduction Preventative Maintenance (PM) Servicing Regeneration Water Wells That Are Failing without Routine PM or Regeneration Regeneration from the Edge of Catastrophe Introduction Types of Chemicals Employed in Regeneration Chemical Selection for Use in the Regeneration of Wells Sequestration Strategies Use of Heat Chemical Blend Selection Regeneration Practices Spheres of Influence: The Coming and the Going Introduction Risks from Flooding Causing Compromise to the Wells Groundwater under the Direct Influence of Surface Water Art of Well Development Illustrated Guide for Groundwater Microbiology Natural Filters around Water Wells Changes in the Position of the Biomass around a Well Growth of Biomass and Impact on Well Characteristics Groundwater Flow through Four Biofouling Water Wells Diagrammatic Presentation of Bacterial Cell Cross Section of Attached Biomass Major Forms of Biofouling in Water Wells Forms of Coliform Bacteria Forms of Iron-Related Bacteria Biocolloids Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria Fungi (Molds) Pathogenic (Health-Risk) Protozoa Size of Viruses and Bacteria Growing Bacteria Agar Dip-Paddle Technique Slope BART Culture Technique BART Test Method Rodina Test for IRB Cholodny Test for IRB Grainge and Lund Test for IRB George Alford Quick and Dirty Test for IRB Staining Methods for IRB Agar Spreadplate Enumeration Method for Bacteria Bacterial Colony Forms Growing on Agar Plates ATP Test Method for Detecting Bacterial Activity Comparison of ATP to Time Lapse Using BART Testers Theoretical Functioning of the BART Tester Types of BART Testers in Common Use Protocol for Filling BART Field Tester Common Sites for Early BART Reactions IRB-BART Reaction Patterns SRB-BART Reaction Patterns SLYM-BART Reaction Patterns HAB-BART Reaction Patterns DN-BART Reaction Patterns N-BART Reaction Patterns ALGE-BART Reaction Patterns APB-BART Reaction Patterns Relationship of Time Lapse to Population ORP Relationship to IRB-BART Reactions ORP Relationship to SRB-BART Reactions Effects of Sampling during Pumping on Biomass Characteristics Location of Biomass Shifting during Plugging of a Well Primary Effect of Water Well Treatments Mechanisms for Bacteriologically Influenced Infestation of Water Wells Zones of Interrogation Projection I Zones of Interrogation Projection II Zones of Interrogation Projection III Relationship between Bacterial Activity and Specific Capacity in Biofouling Water Wells Movement of the Redox Front around a Well Suffering Microbiologically Influenced Plugging Treatment Impacts on a Biofouling Water Well Video-Camera Logging of Biofouled Water Wells Methane (Natural Gas) Eruptions in Water Wells Harmonic Pulsing Activities in the Plugging Biomass Metal Bioaccumulation around an Active Water Well Impact of Treatments on the Sequential Releases of Metals from the Biomass Risks from Applying Phosphorus Compounds as a Part of Treatment Strategies for Biofouled Water Wells Maturation of Biofouling Water Wells, Impacts on Specific Capacity, and Bacterial Activity Control Strategies for the Removal of Biomass Comparison of Well Regeneration with Preventative Maintenance (Servicing) Shock, Disrupt, and Disperse Phases of Water Well Regeneration Effects of Distortions in the Location of Biomass on the Efficiency of Treatments Treatment of Fractured Hard Rock Wells Impact of Treatment on the Biomass Involved in Biofouling Factors Affecting the Sustainability of Water Wells Effect of the Growth of Various Microbial Communities on the Function of Water Wells Sequential Risk Analysis for a Test Pumping of a Well Biofouling of Relief Wells in Earth-Filled Dam Structures Used to Create Water Reservoirs Biofouling of Horizontal Wells Impact of Flooding on Producing Water Wells Direct and Indirect Impacts of Water Wells Flooded by Surface Waters Flood Impact on a Biofouled Well Protection of Wells from Flooding Impact of Flooding on the Position of the Redox Front around Water Wells Impact of Oil and Gas Wells on Neighboring Water Wells Theoretical Functioning of the BART Tester Positioning of Biomass around Slotted Screens in Water Wells That Are Biofouling Treatment Sequences in Biofouled Water Well Regeneration Appendix A: Microbiological Test Methods Appendix B: Biological Activity Reaction Test (BART) Appendix C: Video Borehole Log Appendix D: Treatment Strategies Appendix E: Sustainability of Water Wells Appendix F: Interaction between Neighboring Water Wells Appendix G: Standard Microbiological Approaches for Groundwater Challenges, Concepts (Summary) Appendix H: Methods for Obtaining Water Samples for Microbiological Testing Appendix I: Conservation of the Water Sample between Collection and Testing Appendix J: Definition of the Influence That Ambient Water Temperatures Have on Tests Appendix K: Protocols to Obtain Water Samples Appendix L: Application of BART Testers Appendix M: Evaluation of Risk Potentials Appendix N: Regulatory Considerations Concerning Phosphorus Appendix O: Application of Heat as a Component in the Rehabilitation/Regeneration of Biofouled Water Wells Appendix P: Application of Vegetable Oil as a Substitute for Hydrocarbon-Based Oils to Lubricate Pumps Appendix Q: Frequently Asked Questions Appendix R: Glossary Appendix S: Well Questionnaire (First Enquiry) Appendix T: Further Reading INDEX

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D. Roy Cullimore