Practical Guide to Diagnosing Structural Movementin Buildings

ISBN-13: 9781119898726 / Angielski / Miękka / 2023

Countrywide Surveyors) Malcolm (Chartered Building Surveyor

Spis treści

Introduction ixList of Figures xiiAcknowledgements xixPart 1 First Principles 11.1 First Principles 31.2 Crack Patterns and Cracks 81.3 Rotational Movement 91.4 Contra Rotational Movement 111.5 Weak Routes 141.6 Load Distribution 221.7 Movement and Orientation 261.8 Summary of First Principles and Process 28Part 2 Cracks in Buildings Not Related to Foundations 312.1 Expansion Cracking 332.2 Cavity Wall Tie Corrosion 442.3 Corrosion of Metal Built into Walls 532.4 Vibration of Built-in Fixings 572.5 Roof Spread 602.6 Springing from Deflected Beams 672.7 Lack of Lateral Stability 702.8 Lack of Lateral Stability in Modern Gable Walls 762.9 False Chimneys, Lateral Instability and Movement in Gable Walls 792.10 Overloaded Beams 862.11 Absence of Lintels (Beams) Over Openings in Cavity Walls 912.12 Overloaded Floors 982.13 Overloaded Walls 1022.14 Differential Movement 1062.15 Arch Thrust and Arch Flattening 1082.16 Arch Spread in Chimneys Built over Alleys in Terrace Housing 1132.17 Buckling of Jambs to Sash Windows and Arch Flattening 1182.18 Wall Shortening and Sequential Movement in Walls and Roofs (Holland's Multiple Factor Diagnosis) 1232.19 Load Path Cracking 1352.20 Bulging of Walls Due to Decay of Bonding Timbers 1382.21 Bulging and Separation in Solid Brick Walls 1412.22 Separation of Rubble-Filled Stone Walls 1442.23 Floor Slab Settlement (Compaction) 1462.24 Load Concentrations 1532.25 Sulphate Attack 1552.26 Concrete Block Shrinkage 1612.27 Shrinkage of Calcium Silicate Bricks 1652.28 Heat Expansion of Flue Blocks 1682.29 Floor Cracking in Suspended Concrete Beam and Block Floors 1722.30 Vehicular Impact Damage (Usually Garages) 177Part 3 Cracks in Buildings Related to the Foundations and Ground Movement 1833.1 Introduction 1853.1.1 Design for Load 1873.1.2 Design for Stability 1893.1.3 Identifying Below Ground Defects 1903.2 Foundation Movement Caused by Clay Shrinkage 1933.3 Clay Heave 2013.4 Seasonal Expansion of Clay Subsoil 2043.5 Eccentric Loading on Foundations 2063.6 Uneven Loading 2093.7 Load Concentrations on Foundations 2113.8 Differential Foundation Movement 2133.9 Initial Settlement after Construction or Alterations 2183.10 Differential Foundation Settlement Cracking between Chimneys and Party Walls, in Alleys Running through Terraces 2213.11 Leaking Drains and Water Discharge near to Buildings 2253.12 Drains and Drain Trenches 2283.13 Cracking Associated with Raft Foundations 231Part 4 Repair Methods 2414.1 Introduction 2434.2 Re-pointing 2454.3 Re-pointing with Epoxy Mortar 2474.4 Stitching in Brickwork 2484.5 Reinforcing Brick Mortar Joints 2494.6 Tie Bars 2514.7 Restraint Straps 2544.8 Buttresses/Piers 2564.9 Preventing Roof Spread 2574.10 Underpinning 2594.11 Expanding Foam Underpinning 2634.12 Grouting 2654.13 Root Barriers 267Index 269

O autorze

Malcolm Holland, BSc(Hons) MRICS, started his career as a land surveyor in the Royal Engineers before leaving the Army to return to higher education. He gained a degree in Building Surveying and then qualified as a Chartered Surveyor in 1988. During the mid 1990s he spent four years as a senior lecturer at DeMontfort University teaching building construction and pathology to general practice surveying students. Since then he has worked predominantly in private practice and mostly in the field of residential surveying.