1. Comparing ancient societies: prehispanic Mesoamerica and the Nilotic world; 2. Regional background; 3. The economic basis: Agriculture, sedentary life and productive complexity; 4. The beginnings of complexity: Households, cities and states; 5. Polity and governance: The basis of power and leadership; 6. State power and its local implementation; 7. Monumentality and society; 8. Conclusions; References.