Pollination Mechanisms, Reproduction and Plant Breeding

ISBN-13: 9783642810619 / Angielski / Miękka / 2011 / 284 str.

R. Frankel; Esra Galun

Opis

view than its own proper males should fecundate each blossom." ANDREW KNIGHT Philosophical Transactions, 1799 Pollination mechanisms and reproduction have a decisive bearing upon rational procedures in plant breeding and crop production. This book intends to furnish' under one cover an integrated botanical, genetical and breeding-methodologi cal treatment of the reproductive biology of spermatophytes mainly angiosperms; it is based on an advanced topical course in plant breeding taught at the Hebrew University of Jerusa lem. We have tried to present a coverage which is concise, but as comprehensive as possible, of the pollination mechanism and modes of reproduction of higher plants, and to illustrate topics, whenever practicable, by examples from cultivated plants. Nevertheless, some relevant publications may have escaped our attention or may not be mentioned because of various limitations. The book is organized into three parts. The first part starts with an evaluation of the significance of the different pollination mechanisms for plant breeding and crop produc tion, describes modes of reproduction in higher plants and discusses ecology and dynamics of pollination. The second part is devoted to crops propagated by self pollination and describes specific breeding procedures for such crops. The third part details sexual reproduction in higher plants and handles three mechanisms involved in the prevention of self pollination and their utilization in plant breeding: sex expres sion, incompatibility, and male sterility."

Spis treści

1. Introduction.- 1.1 Implications of Pollination Mechanisms in Plant Breeding and Crop Production.- 1.1.1 Pollination Mechanisms and Breeding of New Cultivars.- 1.1.2 Pollination Mechanisms and Cultivar Maintenance.- 1.1.3 Pollination Mechanisms and Agricultural Yield.- 1.2 Reproduction in Higher Plants.- 1.2.1 Historical and General Background.- 1.2.1.1 Morphological-Structural Flower Biology.- 1.2.1.2 Functional Flower Biology.- 1.2.1.3 Correlation between Structure and Function.- 1.2.2 Modes of Reproduction.- 1.2.2.1 Sexual Reproduction.- 1.2.2.1.1 Spatial Separation of Sex Organs as an Outbreeding Device.- 1.2.2.1.2 Basic Concepts of Structural Differentiation.- 1.2.2.1.3 Models of Floral Differentiation.- 1.2.2.1.4 Definitions of Sex Types in Flowering Plants.- 1.2.2.1.5 Temporal Separation of Sex Organs as an Outbreeding Device.- 1.2.2.2 Asexual Forms of Reproduction.- 1.2.2.2.1 Asexual Propagules outside the Floral Region.- 1.2.2.2.2 Asexual Propagules within the Floral Region.- 1.2.2.3 Distribution of Modes of Reproduction among Cultivated Plants.- 1.3 Ecology and Dynamics of Pollination.- 1.3.1 Specificity of Flowers and Pollen.- 1.3.2 Pollen-Dispersal Agents.- 1.3.2.1 Biotic Vectors;.- 1.3.2.2 Abiotic Vectors.- 1.3.3 Timing and Climatic Factors in Pollination Dynamics.- 1.3.4 Location and Mass Effects in Pollination Ecology.- 1.3.5 Competition Effects in Pollination Dynamics.- 1.3.6 Determination of the Natural Cross-Pollination Rate (NCP).- 1.3.6.1 Progeny Testing of Dominants.- 1.3.6.2 Progeny Testing of Recessives.- 1.3.6.3 Progeny Testing of Heterozygotes.- 1.3.6.4 Progeny Testing of Recessives and Heterozygotes.- 1.3.7 Artificial Control of Outcrossing.- 2. Autogamy.- 2.1 Evolutionary Aspects of Autogamy.- 2.1.1 Strategies for Adjustment of Recombination.- 2.1.2 Origin of Mating Systems in Higher Plants.- 2.1.3 Variation in Autogamous Populations.- 2.2 Mechanism of Autogamy.- 2.2.1 Cleistogamy.- 2.2.2 Chasmogamic Selfing.- 2.3 Management of Pollination in Autogamous Crops.- 2.3.1 Emasculation.- 2.3.1.1 Mechanical Removal of Microsporophylls.- 2.3.1.2 Male Gametocide.- 2.3.1.3 Circumvention of Emasculation Requirements.- 2.3.2 Controlled Pollination.- 2.3.2.1 Isolation.- 2.3.2.2 Pollen Collection and Storage.- 2.3.2.3 Pollen Transfer Methods.- 2.3.2.3.1 Utilization of Natural Pollen Vectors.- 2.3.2.3.2 Forced Pollination.- 3. Allogamy.- 3.1 Sexual Reproduction — Structures and Functions.- 3.1.1 The Anther and the Male Gametophyte.- 3.1.1.1 Differentiation of the Anther.- 3.1.1.2 TheTapetum.- 3.1.1.3 Development of the Sporogeneous Tissue.- 3.1.1.4 Microsporo genesis.- 3.1.1.5 From Microspore to Pollen Grain.- 3.1.2 Androgenesis: Production of Haploid Plants by Anther and Pollen Culture.- 3.1.2.1 Haploid Plants—Occurrence, Induction, and Identification.- 3.1.2.2 The Production of Haploid Callus and Embryoids by Anther and Pollen Culture.- 3.1.2.3 Pathways of Pollen Embryogenesis.- 3.1.2.4 Factors Affecting Androgenesis.- 3.1.2.4.1 Culture Conditions.- 3.1.2.4.2 Donor Plants.- 3.1.2.4.3 Pollen Age.- 3.1.2.4.4 Anther Stage and Ploidy.- 3.1.2.5 Application of Androgenesis for Breeding and Genetic Studies.- 3.1.3 The Pistil and the Female Gametophyte.- 3.1.3.1 The Pistil.- 3.1.3.2 The Female Gametophyte.- 3.1.4 Fertilization.- 3.1.4.1 Contact between Pollen and Stigma.- 3.1.4.2 Pollen Germination.- 3.1.4.3 Pollen Tube Discharge and Double Fertilization.- 3.1.5 Sexual Reproduction in Conifers.- 3.2 Control and Modification of Sex.- 3.2.1 The Genetic Control of Sex Determination.- 3.2.1.1 General Considerations Concerning the Genetic Control of Dioecism.- 3.2.1.2 Artificial Dioecism in Zea mays.- 3.2.1.3 Artificial Dioecism Caused by Suppressive Genes — Linkage between Genes as a Prerequisite for Sex Dimorphism.- 3.2.1.4 Chromosomal Control of Sex Determination.- 3.2.1.5 Main Methods for the Study of the Genetics and Cytology of Sex Determination.- 3.2.1.6 Genetic Regulation of Sex: Representative Examples.- 3.2.1.6.1 The Active Y Chromosome System.- 3.2.1.6.2 The X-Autosomal Balance System.- 3.2.1.7 Genetics of Sex Determination in Some Economic Crops.- 3.2.2 Modifications of Sex Expression.- 3.2.2.1 Introduction.- 3.2.2.2 Mineral Nutrition and Edaphic Factors.- 3.2.2.3 Light.- 3.2.2.4 Temperature.- 3.2.2.5 Chemical Agents.- 3.2.2.5.1 Auxins and Related Compounds.- 3.2.2.5.2 Gibberellins.- 3.2.2.5.3 Kinins.- 3.2.3 Sex Expression in Some Economic Crops and its Application to Breeding and Crop Improvement.- 3.2.3.1 The Cucumber and Other Cucurbit Crops.- 3.2.3.1.1 Patterns of Sex Expression.- 3.2.3.1.2 Effects of Day Length and Temperature on Flowering and Sex Expression.- 3.2.3.1.3 Effects of Growth Regulators.- 3.2.3.1.4 Inheritance of Sex Expression and Breeding Procedures.- 3.2.3.1.5 Scheme of Sex Expression in Cucumber.- 3.2.3.2 Hemp (Cannabis sativa).- 3.2.3.3 Maize (Zea mays).- 3.2.3.3.1 Reproductive Morphology.- 3.2.3.3.2 Environmentally Induced Sex Modification.- 3.2.3.3.3 Sex Modification by Chemical Agents.- 3.2.3.3.4 Inheritance of Sex Expression.- 3.3 Incompatibility.- 3.3.1 Genetics of Incompatibility.- 3.3.1.1 Gametophytic Incompatibility.- 3.3.1.1.1 One Multiallelic S Locus.- 3.3.1.1.2 Two Multiallelic S Loci.- 3.3.1.1.3 Three or MoreS Loci.- 3.3.1.2 Sporophytic Incompatibility.- 3.3.1.2.1 Heteromorphic Incompatibility.- 3.3.1.2.2 Homomorphic Incompatibility.- 3.3.2 Pollen-Pistil Interaction.- 3.3.2.1 Pollen Cytology and Pollen-Stigma Interaction….- 3.3.2.2 Pollen Tube-Style Interaction.- 3.3.2.3 Pollen Tube-Ovule Interaction.- 3.3.3 Incompatibility, Crop Production, and Breeding.- 3.3.3.1 Transfer of Incompatibility into Cultivars.- 3.3.3.2 Permanent Elimination of Incompatibility.- 3.3.3.3 Surmounting the Incompatibility Barrier.- 3.3.3.3.1 Treatment of Pollen.- 3.3.3.3.2 Bud Pollination.- 3.3.3.3.3 Delayed Pollination.- 3.3.3.3.4 Heat Treatment.- 3.3.3.3.5 Surgical Techniques.- 3.3.3.3.6 Double Fertilization.- 3.3.3.3.7 Other Methods.- 3.3.3.4 Hybrid Seed Production.- 3.3.3.4.1 Characteristics of the Gametophytic and Sporophytic Incompatibility Systems which are Related to Hybrid Seed Production.- 3.3.3.4.2 Hybrid Seed Production in Brassica and Raphanus.- 3.3.3.4.3 Problems in Breeding Aimed at Hybrid Seed Production.- 3.4 Male Sterility.- 3.4.1 Gynodioecy: Male Sterility in Natural and Artificial Populations.- 3.4.1.1 Male Sterility as an Outbreeding Mechanism in Gynodioecious Species.- 3.4.1.2 Nuclear Male Sterility Genes in Cultivars.- 3.4.1.3 Male-Sterility-Inducing Plasmatypes in: Cultivated Plants.- 3.4.1.4 Utilization of Gynodioecy in Plant Breeding.- 3.4.2 Inheritance of Male Sterility.- 3.4.2.1 Genie Male Sterility (Mendelian Male Sterility).- 3.4.2.2 Cytoplasmic and Gene-Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.- 3.4.3 Structural, Developmental, and Biochemical Charac-terization of Male Sterility.- 3.4.3.1 Developmental Modifications Leading to Breakdown in Microgametogenesis.- 3.4.3.1.1 Modifications in the Structural Differentiation of the Stamen.- 3.4.3.1.2 Faulty Differentiation of the Anther.- 3.4.3.1.3 Breakdown in Microsporogenesis.- 3.4.3.1.4 Abortion of the Microgametophyte.- 3.4.3.1.5 Functional Male Sterility.- 3.4.3.2 Biochemistry of Male Sterility.- 3.4.3.3 Male Sterility Genes and Their Action.- 3.4.3.3.1 Site of Male Sterility Factors.- 3.4.3.3.2 Pleiotropic Effects.- 3.4.4 Utilization of Male Sterility in Plant Breeding.- 3.4.4.1 Comparison of Hybrid Production Using Genie, Cytoplasmic and Gene-Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.- 3.4.4.1.1 Genie Male Sterility.- 3.4.4.1.2 Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.- 3.4.4.1.3 Gene-Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.- 3.4.4.2 Application of Genie Male Sterility.- 3.4.4.2.1 Genetic and Field Management Programs to Provide a Homogeneous Stand of the Genie Male Sterile Seed Parent.- 3.4.4.2.2 Pollination Control.- 3.4.4.3 Use of Gene-Cytoplasmic Male Sterility.- References.