Introduction 1Part I Theoretical Approaches to Disinformation 51 Disinformation Matters: Analyzing the Academic Production 7Nereida Cea and Bella Palomo2 A Materialist Approach to Fake News 23Thales Lelo and Roseli Fígaro3 Using International Relations Theories to Understand Disinformation: Soft Power, Narrative Turns, and New Wars 35Giuseppe Anzera and Alessandra MassaPart II Disinformation in Politics 494 Do You Believe in Fake After All? WhatsApp DisinformationCampaign During the Brazilian 2018 Presidential Election 51Rose Marie Santini, Giulia Tucci, Débora Salles, and Alda Rosana D. de Almeida5 The Politics of Disinformation in Indonesia (2014-2019) 67Masduki6 Ideology and Disinformation: How False News Stories Contributed to Brexit 79Imke Henkel7 Spanish Politicians Dealing with Fake News in the April 2019 General Election 91Germán Llorca-Abad, Guillermo López-García, and Lorena Cano-OrónPart III Fact-checking in Polítics 1058 Checking Verifications: Focus and Scope of Collaborative Projects to Monitor Election Campaigns in France, Brazil, and Spain 107Dolors Palau-Sampio and Adolfo Carratalá9 Structures of Resistance: Citizen-generated Reporting in Times of Social Unrest 119Tomás Dodds10 Robot Strategies for Combating Disinformation in Election Campaigns: A Fact-checking Response from Parties and Organizations 132Eva Campos-Domínguez, Cristina Renedo Farpón, Dafne Calvo, and María Díez-Garrido11 "That Prodigious Machinery Designed to Exclude": The Discourse of Post-truth in Algorithmic Culture 146Jakub NowakPart IV The Effects of Disinformation on Everyday Life 15912 Teens, Social Media, and Fake News: A User's Perspective 161Heidi Mercenier, Victor Wiard, and Marie Dufrasne13 Understanding Which Factors Promote Exposure to Online Disinformation 173Carlos Rodríguez-Pérez and Gustavo R. García-Vargas14 Rumoring, Disinformation, and Contentious Politics in the Digital Age: The Case of China and Beyond 187Jun LiuAbout the Authors 200Index 205
Guillermo López-García is Full Professor of Journalism at the University of Valencia. His research focuses on political and online communication.Dolors Palau-Sampio is Senior Lecturer of Journalism at the University of Valencia. Her research focuses on narrative journalism, fact-checking, quality journalism, and accountability.Bella Palomo is Full Professor of Journalism at the University of Malaga. She specializes in digital journalism, active audiences, social media, journalistic routines, and editorial design.Eva Campos-Domínguez is Senior Lecturer of Journalism at the University of Valladolid. Her research focuses on political and online communication.Pere Masip was Senior Lecturer in the Faculty of Communication at Blanquerna at the Universitat Ramon Llull in Barcelona. He also lead the research group Digilab.