Polarization Measurement and Control in Optical Fiber Communication and Sensor Systems

ISBN-13: 9781119758471 / Angielski / Twarda / 2022 / 500 str.

Xiaotian Steve Yao

Spis treści

Chapter 1 History of Light and Polarization 21.1 Early history of light 21.2 History of polarization 41.3 History of polarization in optical fibers and waveguides 81.3.1 The history of optical fiber 81.3.2 History of polarization in optical fibers 111.3.3 Chronicles of polarization optics in optical fibers from 1959 to 1981 15Reference 17Bibliography 18Chapter 2 Polarization Basics 192.1 Introduction to Polarization 192.2 The degenerate polarization states of light 202.3 The polarization ellipse of light 232.4 Poincaré Sphere presentation of polarization 272.5 Degree of polarization (DOP) 292.6 Birefringence 322.7 Photoelasticity or photo-elastic effect 342.8 Dichroism, diattenuation, and polarization dependent loss 342.9 Polarization properties of reflected and refracted light 35Appendix 2A 36Bibliography 37Chapter 3 Polarization effects unique to optical fiber systems 393.1 Polarization variation in optical fibers 393.2 Polarization eigenmodes in a single mode optical fiber 403.3 Birefringence contributions in optical fibers 423.3.1 Noncircular Core 423.3.2 Internal lateral stress 443.3.3 External lateral stress 463.3.4 Fiber Bending 473.3.5 Fiber Twist 483.3.6 Electrical and Magnetic Fields 503.4 Polarization impairments in optical fiber systems 513.5 Polarization multiplexing 593.6 Polarization issues unique to optic fiber sensing system 603.7 Polarization issues unique to microwave photonics systems 61References 62Chapter 4 Mathematics for polarization analysis 664.1 Jones vector representation of monochramtic light 664.1.1 Jones vector 664.1.2 Mutual orthogonality of Jones vectors 694.1.3 Linear independence of Jones vectors 704.2 Jones matrix of optical devices 714.2.1 Jones Matrix of optical elements 724.2.2 Jones matrix of reflection 784.2.3 Polarization compensation of reflection 834.2.4 Polarization properties of corner-cube retroreflector 854.3 Jones matrix of multi-element optical systems 864.3.1 Jones equivalent theorems 864.3.2 Properties of the optical system containing only retarders and rotators 874.3.3 Eigenvector and eigenvalue of an optical system 904.3.3 Transmission properties of an optical system including partial polarizers 934.3.5 Experimental measurement of Jones matrix 974.4.6 Jones calculus in retracing optical path 994.3.7 N-matrix and polarization evolution 1054.3.8 Jones matrix of twisted optical fiber 1124.4 Mueller matrix representation of optical devices 1174.4.1 Definition of Mueller matrix 1174.4.2 Mueller matrix of optical elements 1204.5 Polarization evolution in optical fiber 1254.5.1 Rotation matrix representation of unitary optical systems 1254.5.2 Infinitesimal rotation and rotation vector in optical fiber 1284.5.3 Birefringence vector and polarization evolution along an optical fiber 1324.5.4 PMD vector and polarization evolution with optical frequency 1384.6 PMD measurement 1434.6.1 Poincare sphere analysis 1444.6.2 Mueller matrix method 1474.6.4 Jones Matrix Eigenanalysis 1494.7 Polarization properties of quasi-monochromatic Light 1514.7.1 Coherency matrix 1514.7.2 The Stokes parameters of quasi-monochromatic plane wave 1564.7.3 Depolarization of quasi-monochromatic plane wave with birefringence media 159References 164Chapter 5 Polarization properties of common anisotropic media 1665.1 Plane wave in anisotropic media 1665.1.1 Dielectric tensor and its symmetry 1665.1.2 Plane-wave propagation in anisotropic media 1695.2 The index ellipsoid 1725..2.1 Optical axis 1735.2.2 ordinary and extraordinary wave 1745.2.3 Light propagation in uniaxial crystals 1755.2.4 Double refraction and applicaitons 1785.3 Optical activity 1815.4 Linear electro-optic effect 1855.4.1 Electro-optic effect 1855.4.2 Pockels electro-optic effect and electro-optic coefficient 1865.4.3 Pockels effect of Lithium Niobate and applicaitons 1885.5 Stress-induced birefringence 1925.5.1 Stress-induced birefringence in glass 1925.5.2 Stress-induced birefringence in optical fiber 195References 195Chapter 6 Polarization management components and devices 2006.1 Polarization management fibers 2006.2 Polarizers 2026.2.1 Birefringence Crystal Polarizers 2026.2.2 Sheet Polarizers 2046.3 Polarization Beam Splitters/Combiners 2066.3.1 Birefringence Crystal PBS 2076.3.2 Thin film coating PBS 2116.3.3 Fiber pigtailed polarizers and PBS 2126.3.3 Waveguide PBS 2146.4 Linear birefringence based polarization management components 2146.4.1 Wave plates 2146.4.2 Polarization manipulation with a quarter-wave plate 2156.4.3 Polarization manipulation with a half-wave plate 2166.5 Polarization control with linear birefringence 2176.5.1 Polarization control with multiple waveplates of fixed retardation but variable orientation 2186.5.2 Polarization controller with a single wave plate of variable retardation orientation 2206.5.3 Polarization control with multiple wave-plates of variable retardation but fixed orientation 2246.5.4 Polarization controller with LiNbO3 based integrated optical circuit (IOC) 2266.5.5 Minimum-element polarization controllers 2286.6 Polarization control with circular birefringence 2296.6.1 Magneto-optic or Faraday materials 2296.6.2 Magneto-optic properties of rear-earth iron garnet films 2326.6.3 Faraday rotator based simple polarization management devices 2396.6.4 Variable Faraday rotator based polarization controllers 2426.6.5 Non-reciprocal fiber optic devices made with MO garnets 2436.7 PMD and PDL artifacts 2476.7.1 Differential group delay (DGD) artifacts 2476.7.2 Second order polarization mode dispersion (SOPMD) artifacts 2486.7.3 Polarization dependent loss (PDL) artifacts 2496.8 Depolarizer 2506.8.1 Space domain depolarizer 2506.8.2 Time domain depolarizer 254References 261Bibliography 265Chapter 7 Active polarization management modules and instruments 2677.1 Polarization stabilization and tracking 2677.1.1 Reset-free polarization control 2677.1.2 Polarization monitoring for active polarization control 2697.1.3 Polarization Synthesizer 2697.1.4 General purpose polarization tracker 2717.1.5 PMD compensation with a polarization tracker 2727.1.6 Polarization demultiplexing with a polarization tracker 2737.1.7 Polarization tracking for coherent detection 2777.2 Polarization scrambling and emulation 2787.2.1 Polarization scrambling basics 2797.2.2 Polarization scrambling simulation 2797.2.3 Variable rate polarization scrambling and emulation 2807.2.4 Quasi-uniform rate polarization scrambling 2827.2.5 Factors degrading the performance of the polarization scramblers 2877.2.6 Polarization scrambler applications 2877.3 PDL emulator 2897.4 PMD generation and emulation 2907.4.1 PMD generator and emulator based on polarization splitting and combining 2917.4.2 PMD generator and emulator based on polarization switching 2927.4.3 Polarization optimized PMD source 2977.5 Polarization related tests in coherent systems 303References 307Chapter 8 Polarization related measurements for optical fiber systems 3718.1 Stokes polarimeters for SOP and DOP measurements 3718.1.1 Time division Stokes polarimetry 3728.1.2 Amplitude division polarimeters 3808.1.3 Advantages and disadvantages of different configurations 3878.1.4 Polarimeter calibration with DOP 3888.2 Analog Mueller matrix polarimetry 3918.2.1 Rotating element Mueller matrix polarimeters 3928.2.3 Oscillating element Mueller matrix polarimeters 3948.2.4 Imperfections in Mueller matrix polarimeters and instrument calibration 3958.3 Polarization extinction ratio measurements 3958.3.1 Rotating polarizer PER measurement 3978.3.2 PER degradation at fiber connection 3988.3.3 Polarization maximization for fast PER measurement 3998.3.4 PER measurement with a Stokes polarimter 4008.3.5 Distributed Polarization Crosstalk Measurement Method 4038.3.6 PER of free-space optical polarization components 4048.4 PDL , PDG, and PDR measurements 4048.4.1 Polarization scrambling method for PDL and PDG measurements 4048.4.2 Jones and Mueller matrix analysis method 4068.4.3 Maximum-minimum search method for accurate PDL and PDG measurements 4068.4.4 PDL measurement guidelines 4108.4.5 PDR measurement 413References 415Chapter 9 Binary polarization generation and analysis 4259.1 Highly repeatable magneto-optic binary PSG 4259.1.1 Binary PSG descriptions 4269.1.2 Experimental demonstration 4289.1.3 Imperfections of the binary PSG 4319.2 Highly accurate binary magneto-optic polarization state analyzer (PSA) 4399.2.1 Device description 4399.2.2 Self-calibrating binary PSA 4429.3 Binary Mueller matrix polarimetry 4469.3.1 System description of binary Mueller matrix polarimetery 4479.3.2 Theoretical background 4489.3.3 Experimental results 4519.4 Some applications of binary Mueller matrix polarization analyzers 4589.4.1 PM fiber beat length measurement 4589.4.2 Characterization of sensing coils for fiber optic gyroscopes 4599.4.3 Circular birefringence measurement and spun fiber characterization 4609.4.4 Effective Verdet constant measurement of spun optical fibers 4679.4.5 Wave plate analyzer using binary magneto-optic rotators 4789.4.6 PDL measurement of a Multi-port component using a binary PSG 4839.5 Multi-channel binary PSA 4859.6 WDM system performance monitoring using a multi-channel binary PSA 485Appendix 9.A1 488Appendix 9.A2 489Referencences 489Chapter 10 Distributed polarization analysis and its applications 49710.1 Distributed polarization crosstalk analysis and its applications (CD-PDA) 49810.1.1 Polarization crosstalk in PM fibers 49810.1.2 Description of distributed polarization crosstalk analyzer (DPXA) 50010.1.3 Identification of causes for polarization cross-talks from measurement results 50310.1.4 Capabilities and limitations of DPXA 50710.1.5 Applications of distributed polarization analysis 50810.2 Distributed Mueller matrix polarimetery and its applications 52610.2.1 System description 52610.2.2 Expression of bending-induced birefringence in SMF 52910.2.3 Measurement setup and results 53010.2.4 Validations with a non-distributed Mueller matrix polarimetery system 53310.2.5 Distributed transversal force sensing 53610.2.6 Investigation clamping-force induced birefringence of SM fibers in V-grooves 54910.3 Polarization scrambled OFDR for distributed birefringence measurement and stress sensing 55910.4 P-OTDR based DPA system 564References 566Chapter 11 Polarization for optical frequency analysis and optical sensing applications 57311.1 Optical frequency analysis techniques 57311.1.1 Polarimeter based optical frequency analyzer 57411.1.2 Sine-cosine optical frequency detection with polarization manipulation 58311.2 Polarimetry fiber optic gyroscope 59011.2.1 Introduction 59011.2.2 Operation Principle 59111.3 Polarimetric magnetic field and electrical current sensors 59911.3.1 Transmissive magnetic and current sensors using MO garnet films 60011.3.2 Reflective magnetic and current sensors using MO thick film as the sensing medium 60411.3.3 Reflective current sensor using optical fiber as the sensing medium 607References 610

O autorze

X. Steve Yao is the founder of PolaLight Consulting LLC in Las Vegas, Nevada and was the founder and Chief Technology Officer of General Photonics Corp. (now part of Luna Innovations), Chino, California, dedicated to the design and engineering of polarization control and measurement products for over 25 years. He is also the founding director of the Photonics Information Innovation Center at Hebei University (his alma mater) in China. With over 100 journal publications and 80 US patents, Dr. Yao is a Fellow of both IEEE and Optica, and holds a PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from the University of Southern California, USA.Xiaojun (James) Chen is the founder and Chief Technology Officer of In-line Photonics Inc. in San Gabriel, California and was the Chief Scientist of General Photonics Corp. (now part of Luna Innovations), Chino, California, dedicated to the design and engineering of polarization control and measurement products for over 20 years. Dr. Chen holds a PhD degree in Condensed Matter Physics from Nankai University, China.