Plant Hormone Signaling Systems in Plant Innate Immunity

ISBN-13: 9789401792844 / Angielski / Twarda / 2014 / 458 str.

P. Vidhyasekaran

Opis

Plants are endowed with innate immune system, which acts as a surveillance system against possible attack by pathogens. Plant innate immune systems have high potential to fight against viral, bacterial, oomycete and fungal pathogens and protect the crop plants against wide range of diseases. However, the innate immune system is a sleeping system in unstressed healthy plants. Fast and strong activation of the plant immune responses aids the host plants to win the war against the pathogens. Plant hormone signaling systems including salicylate (SA), jasmonate (JA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins and brassinosteroids signaling systems play a key role in activation of the sleeping immune systems. Suppression or induction of specific hormone signaling systems may result in disease development or disease resistance. Specific signaling pathway has to be activated to confer resistance against specific pathogen in a particular host. Two forms of induced resistance, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR), have been recognized based on the induction of specific hormone signaling systems. Specific hormone signaling system determines the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions, culminating in disease development or disease resistance. Susceptibility or resistance against a particular pathogen is determined by the action of the signaling network. The disease outcome is often determined by complex network of interactions among multiple hormone signaling pathways. Manipulation of the complex hormone signaling systems and fine tuning the hormone signaling events would help in management of various crop diseases. The purpose of the book is to critically examine the potential methods to manipulate the multiple plant hormone signaling systems to aid the host plants to win the battle against pathogens.

Spis treści

1    Introduction

1.1 Plant Innate Immunity
1.2 Salicylic Acid Signaling

1.3 Jasmonate Signaling

1.4 Ethylene Signaling

1.5 Abscisic Acid Signaling

1.6 Auxin Signaling

1.7 Cytokinins 
1.8 Gibberellins

1.9 Brassinosteroids

1.10 Plant Hormone Signaling Network

1.11 Can Molecular Manipulation of Plant Hormone Signaling Network Help the
         Plant to Win the War Against Pathogens?

2    Salicylic acid Signaling in Plant Innate Immunity
2.1 Salicylic Acid as an Endogenous Immune Signal in Plants

2.2 Biosynthesis of Salicylic Acid in Plants

2.3 Upstream of Salicylic Acid Signaling System

2.4 Downstream Events in Salicylic acid Signaling

2.5 SA Signaling Induces Increased Expression of Transcription Factors to Activate SA-Responsive Defense-Related Genes

2.6 NPR1 Is Master Regulator of SA Signaling

2.7 Role of SUMO in SA Signaling System

2.8 SA Induces Transcription of Various Defense Genes

2.9 Role of SA Signaling in Stomatal Closure-Related Immune Responses Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.10 SA-Induces Resistance Against Viruses By Modulating AOX-Mediated Alternative Respiratory Pathway

2.11 SA Triggers Small RNA-Directed RNA Silencing system

2.12 Enhancement of Small RNA-Directed RNA Silencing by Salicylate Signaling System

2.13 Interplay Between SA-Induced AOX-Mediated Redox Signaling and SA-Induced Small RNA-Directed RNA Silencing

2.14 Salicylic Acid Signaling is Involved in Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance

2.15 Mobile Long-distance Signals for Induction of Systemic Acquired Resistance

2.16 Role of Mediator Complex in SA-mediated Systemic Acquired Resistance

2.17 Salicylic Acid Triggers Priming and Induces Systemic Acquired Resistance

2.18 Next Generation Systemic Acquired Resistance

2.19 Cross-Talk between Salicylate and Jasmonate Signaling Systems

2.20 Cross-Talk between SA and ET Signaling Systems

2.21 Cross-Talk between SA and ABA Signaling Systems

2.22 Cross-Talk between SA and Auxin Signaling Systems

2.23 Negative Regulation of Salicylate-mediated Immunity by Brassinosteroid Signaling

2.24 SA Signaling System May Induce Resistance Against Wide Range of Pathogens

2.25 Pathogens May Suppress SA Signaling System to Cause Disease

3    Jasmonate Signaling System in Plant Innate Immunity

3.1 Jasmonate Signaling System is a Key Component in PAMP-Triggered Innate   
      Immunity

3.2 Biosynthesis of Jasmonates

3.3 Jasmonate Biosynthesis Intermediate OPDA in Defense Signaling

3.4 JA Metabolites Involved in Defense Signaling

3.5 Upstream of JA Biosynthesis

3.6 Jasmonate Receptor Complex in JA Signal Perception

3.7 JA Signaling Pathway

3.8 Mediator Complex Regulates Transcription of JA-Responsive Genes by Interacting
      With Transcription Factors

3.9 MAP Kinases May Regulate the Downstream Events in JA Signaling Pathway

3.10 Histone Acetylation May Regulate JA- Mediated Signaling Systems

3.11 JA-Induced Pep1 Peptide Amplifies JA Downstream Signaling to Induce JA-
        Responsive Genes 
3.12 Transcription Factors Acting Downstream of JA in Defense Signaling System
3.13 JA Signaling System-Activated Defense Genes

3.14 JA-Signaling System Triggers Immune Responses Against Necrotrophic Pathogens
3.15 JA and Ethylene Signaling Pathways May Operate Concomitantly in Plant Innate
        Immune System

3.16 JA Signaling May Suppress SA signaling System

3.17 Suppression of JA Signaling by SA Signaling System
3.18 Interplay between JA and Abscisic Acid Signaling Systems in Plant Immune Responses
3.19 Crosstalk between JA Signaling and Small RNA Signaling Systems

3.20 JA Signaling in Induced Systemic Immunity

4    Ethylene Signaling System in Plant Innate Immunity
4.1 Ethylene Signaling is an Important Component in Plant Innate Immunity

4.2 Ethylene Biosynthesis in Plants

4.3 Ethylene Signal Transduction Downstream of Ethylene Biosynthesis

4.4 ERF Transcription Factors Functioning Downstream in Ethylene Signaling System

4.5 ROS and NO Signaling Systems Activate Transcription of Ethylene-Responsive
     Genes
4.6 MAPK Cascade May Regulate Ethylene Signaling System

4.7 Ethylene Signaling Triggers Transcription of Plant Pattern Recognition Receptors
     (PRRs) in PAMP-PRR Signaling System 
4.8 Ethylene Triggers Ca²⁺ Influx in Downstream Ethylene Signaling System
4.9 Ethylene and Jasmonate Signaling Interdependency in Triggering Plant Immune Responses
4.10 Ethylene Induces Transcription of Defense-Related Genes

4.11 Ethylene Signaling System Modulates Plant Immune Sigmaling System Triggering
       Resistance or Susceptibility Against Different Pathogens
5 Absicisic Acid Signaling System in Plant Innate Immunity

5.1 Abscisic Acid as a Multifaceted Plant Hormone Signal Triggering or Suppressing
      Plant Defense Responses

5.2 ABA Biosynthesis in Innate Immune Responses

5.3 ABA Perception and Signal Transduction

5.4 ABA Signaling Events Downstream of PYR/PYL/RCAR-PP2C-SNRK2 Signaling

5.5 Systemic Movement of ABA and Intercellular ABA Signaling Pathway

5.6 Interplay Between ABA and JA Signaling Systems

5.7 Interplay Between ABA and SA Signaling Systems

5.8 Interplay Between ABA and Ethylene Signaling Systems

5.9 ABA Signaling System May Trigger Defense Responses Against Pathogens

5.10 ABA Signaling System May Confer Susceptibility Against Pathogens

5.11 Pathogens May Suppress Host Defense Mechanisms by Activating ABA signaling
        system to Cause Disease

5.12 Pathogens May Hijack ABA Signaling Pathway to Cause Disease

5.13 Pathogen Produces Toxins/Effectors and Suppresses ABA-dependent Defenses

6    Auxin Signaling System in Plant Innate Immunity

6.1 Auxin as a Signaling Molecule

6.2 Auxin Biosynthesis

6.3 Auxin Signaling Pathway

6.4 Pathogen Infection Elevates Auxin Biosynthesis in Plants

6.5 Antagonism between Auxin Signaling and PAMPs/elicitors-Triggered Signaling
     Systems

6.6 Antagonism Between Auxin Signaling and HAMP/Endogenous Elicitor - triggered
      Signaling Systems

6.7 Interplay Between Auxin Signaling and Mitogen-activated Protein Kinase Mediated
      Signaling Systems

6.8 Nitric Oxide Modulates Auxin Signaling

6.9 Interaction between Auxin and Salicylic acid (SA) Signaling Systems

6.10 Role of Auxin Signaling in Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)

6.11 Interactions between Auxin and Jasmonate Signaling Systems

6.12 Interaction between Auxin and Ethylene Signaling Systems

6.13 Interaction between Small RNAs and Auxin Signaling Systems

6.14 Auxin Signaling may promote Susceptibility

6.15 Auxin Signaling may promote Plant Disease Resistance

7    Cytokinin Signaling System in Plant Immunity

7.1 Cytokinin Signaling in Plant Immune System

7.2 Cytokinin Biosynthesis
7.3 Cytokinin Degradation 

7.4 Cytokinin Signal Perception and Transduction

7.5 Cytokinin-Responsive Genes
7.6 Cytokinins May be Involved in Triggering Defense responses

7.7 Cytokinins May Induce Susceptibility

7.8 Interplay Between Cytokinin and SA Signaling Pathways in Plant Immune System

7.9 Interaction Between Cytokinin and Abscisic acid Signaling Systems

7.10 Interplay Between Cytokinin and Auxin Signaling Systems in Plant Immunity

8     Gibberellin Signaling in Plant Innate Immunity

8.1 Role of Gibberellins in Plant Immune Responses

8.2 Biosynthesis of Gibberellins

8.3 GA Signaling Pathway

8.4 GA Triggers Susceptibility or Resistance Against Different Pathogens

8.5 Interplay of GA Signaling System with SA Signaling System in Modulating Plant
      Immune System

8.6 Interplay of GA and JA signaling Systems in Modulating Plant Immune System
8.7 Interplay Between GA and Brassinosteroids Signaling Systems in Plant Immune
      Responses
8.8 Interplay Between GA and Auxin Signaling Systems

8.9 GA May be Involved in Triggering Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR)
8.10 Pathogen May Suppress GA Signaling Pathway to Cause Disease
9     Brassinosteoid Signaling in Plant Immune System
9.1 Brassinosteroids Modulate Plant Immune Responses

9.2 Biosynthesis of Brassinosteroids

9.3 Brassinosteroid Signaling System 

9.4 Pathogen Modulates Brassinosteroid Signaling System in Infected Plants

9.5 BR Signaling Triggers Plant Disease Resistance

9.6 BAK1 in the BR Signaling Pathway Triggers Plant Disease Resistance

9.7 BR Signaling Machinery Negatively Regulates Plant Immune Responses and Induces
      Susceptibility
9.8 Brassinosteroid Signaling Negatively Regulates Salicylate-mediated Immunity
9.9 BR Signaling Negatively Regulates Gibberellic Acid (GA)-Mediated Plant Immune
      Responses

9.10 Interplay Between BR and PAMP-PRR Signaling Systems

9.11 Pathogen Hijacks Brassinosteroid Signaling Machinery to cause Disease
9.12 Crosstalk between BR and Other Hormone Signaling Systems       

O autorze

Professor Dr. P. Vidhyasekaran, Ph.D., F.N.A., is the Former Director, Center for Plant Protection Studies, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University. "I have published more than 400 research papers in almost all International Journals with high impact factor (to be precise- 32 journals). I have published 12 books so far and my book publishers include CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida, U.S.A (3 books), Marcel Dekker, New York (1), The Haworth Press, New York (3 books) and Taylor-Francis —CRC Press, USA. My books have received very enthusiastic reviews and second editions, in addition the regional editions and e-Book format of my books have also appeared. My latest book published by CRC Press as second edition is recommended by American Phytopathological Society (APS) and included in the APS Press Store. I have won several national awards and I am a Fellow of National Academy of Agricultural Sciences and in several other scientific societies. I have served as President of Indian Society of Plant Pathologists. I have served in editorial boards of several journals and also served as Visiting Scientist in USA, Philippines and Denmark. ZB: selection of books published: * Handbook of Molecular Technologies in Crop Disease Management (The Haworth Press, 2007) * Concise Encyclopedia of Plant Pathology (The Haworth Press, 2004) * Bacterial Disease Resistance in Plants, Molecular Biology and Biotechnological Applications (The Haworth Press, 2002) * Fungal Pathogenesis in Plants and Crops: Molecular Biology and Host Defence Mechanisms, 1st & 2nd ed. (CRC Press, 2nd ed. 2007).

Blurb

Plants are endowed with innate immune system, which acts as a surveillance system against possible attack by pathogens. Plant innate immune systems have high potential to fight against viral, bacterial, oomycete, and fungal pathogens and protect the crop plants against wide range of diseases. However, the innate immune system is a sleeping system in unstressed healthy plants. Fast and strong activation of the plant immune responses aids the host plants to win the war against the pathogens. Plant hormone signaling systems including salicylate (SA), jasmonate (JA), ethylene (ET), abscisic acid (ABA), auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins, and brassinosteroids signaling systems play a key role in activation of the sleeping immune systems.  Suppression or induction of specific hormone signaling systems may result in disease development or disease resistance. Specific signaling pathway has to be activated to confer resistance against specific pathogen in a particular host. Two forms of induced resistance, systemic acquired resistance (SAR) and induced systemic resistance (ISR), have been recognized based on the induction of specific hormone signaling systems. Specific hormone signaling system determines the outcome of plant-pathogen interactions, culminating in disease development or disease resistance. Susceptibility or resistance against a particular pathogen is determined by the action of the signaling network. The disease outcome is often determined by complex network of interactions among multiple hormone signaling pathways. Manipulation of the complex hormone signaling systems and fine tuning the hormone signaling events would help in management of various crop diseases.

The book highlights the cutting-edge breakthroughs in the field of plant hormones-modulated priming plant innate immunity. It describes histone memory for information storage in gene priming, chromatin remodeling in priming, histone modifications in gene priming, DNA methylation in trans generational SAR, mobile signal complex, membrane signal receptor complex, Mediator complex, GCC motifs in JA responsive promoters, JAZ proteins, JAZ-COI1 complex, assembly of NINJA-IPL corepressor complex in JAZ scaffold, histone acetylation in JA-mediated signaling, crosstalk between hormones- and small RNA signaling systems, PYR/PYL/RCAR-PP2C-SnRK2 signaling complex, stomatal closure immune responses, hijacking hormone signaling pathways for pathogenesis, ubiquitin-proteasomes in hormone signaling pathways, phosphorelay signaling systems, DELLA proteins, and PAMP-PRR-hormone signaling interplay. The author explains the complex hormone signaling network providing more than 100 figures elucidating the different plant hormone biosynthesis pathways and also their signal transduction pathways. These features and more make this book the most up to date resource in the most fascinating field of ‘Signals and Signaling Systems in Plant Innate Immunity’.