Plant Breeding: Past, Present and Future

ISBN-13: 9783319794648 / Angielski / Miękka / 2018 / 693 str.

John E. Bradshaw

Spis treści

Domestication, Dispersion, Selection and Hybridization of Cultivated Plants.- Scientific Breeding in the 20th Century and Future Goals.- DNA and the Origin of Variation.- Mendelian Genetics and Linkage Maps.- Gene Expression and Selection of Major Genes.- Quantitative Genetics and Genomic Selection.- Genotype × Environment Interactions and Selection Environments.- Genome Evolution and Polyploidy.- Genetic Structure of Landraces.- Open-Pollinated and Synthetic Cultivars from Population Improvement.- Clonal Cultivars from Multistage Multitrait Selection.- Hybrid Cultivars from Inbreeding and Crossbreeding.- Inbred Line Cultivars and Mixtures from Hybridization and Inbreeding.- Genetic Basis of Heterosis and Inbred Line versus Hybrid Cultivars.- Use of Sexual Reproduction in Base Broadening and Introgression.- Mutation Breeding.- Genetically Modified Crops.- Durable Resistance to Pests and Diseases.- Way Ahead.

O autorze

John E. Bradshaw, PhD, spent his whole professional life as plant breeder and geneticist at the Scottish Crop Research Institute (SCRI, formerly the Scottish Plant Breeding Station and now the James Hutton Institute). He completed his career as Head of Potato Breeding and Manager of the Potato Genetics Programme, funded by the Scottish Government. He has worked on barley, brassicas (kale, swedes and turnips) and potatoes; doing research on the applications of genetics to plant breeding methods as well as breeding two kale and three swede cultivars, and contributing to the breeding of four more swedes, a turnip, and 27 potatoes. His research covered methods of kale population improvement, the genetic basis of heterosis in swedes, the theory and practice of linkage and QTL analysis in tetraploid potatoes, and breeding for quantitative resistance to pests and diseases (clubroot in kale, powdery mildew in swedes, and late blight and cyst nematodes in potatoes). Dr. Bradshaw is an Honorary Fellow of the Indian Potato Association and an Honorary Associate of the James Hutton Institute. He also holds Honorary Membership of EUCARPIA, European Association for Research on Plant Breeding (in recognition of his outstanding activity in the field of plant breeding science, and his considerable contributions to improving international contacts in plant breeding research). He was awarded the prestigious 2010 British Potato Industry Award in recognition of his outstanding contribution to potato research and knowledge transfer. He has published 93 refereed papers in peer reviewed journals, 53 other articles and 10 book chapters. He has also edited one and co-edited two books including Root and Tuber Crops (Book 7 of the Handbook of Plant Breeding Series) with Springer.

Blurb

The United Nations predicts that the global human population will rise from the 7 billion reached in 2011 to 9 billion by 2050, and that world food production will need to increase between 70 and 100 per cent in just 40 years. Most of this increase will need to come from bridging the yield gap between what is currently achieved per unit of land and what should be possible in future, given the most appropriate farming methods and storage of food and the availability of suitably adapted cultivars, including adaptation to climate change. Breeding such cultivars is the challenge for a new generation of plant breeders who will need to decide what germplasm and which breeding methods to use, and the types of cultivar to produce. They will also need to consider new opportunities made possible by technological advances in the manipulation of DNA, the chemical basis of heredity. This book aims to help them in their endeavours by reviewing past achievements, currently successful practices and emerging methods and techniques. Theoretical considerations are presented when thought helpful. The book is divided into four parts: Part I is an historical introduction finishing with future goals; Part II deals with the origin, recognition and selection of genetic variants that affect qualitative and quantitative traits in a desired way, and concludes with genome evolution and polyploidy; Part III explains how the mating systems of crop species determine the genetic structures of their landraces and hence the types of high yielding cultivars that have been bred from them: synthetic (including open-pollinated), clonal, hybrid and inbred line (including mixtures); Part IV considers three complementary options for future progress: use of sexual reproduction in further conventional breeding, base broadening and introgression; mutation breeding; and genetically modified crops. It concludes with strategies for achieving durable resistance to pests and diseases.